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1. What makes up everything in the universe? Matter 2. Name 2 properties of all matter. Volume and Mass 3. Define mass. Quantity of matter an object has 4. How does weight differ from mass? Weight is the pull of gravity on an object 5.What are elements? Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler kinds of matter 6. Name the 4 elements that make up most of a living thing. C – H – O – N 7. What is used to represent an element? Chemical SYMBOL (1 or 2 letters) 8. Name the smallest part of an element. Atom 9. What are the 2 main regions of an atom? Nucleus & Energy levels 10. Where is the nucleus of an atom found and what does it contain? Center & Contains protons & neutrons 11. What is the charge on a proton? + A neutron? Neutral same 12. All atoms of the same element have the ________ number of protons. 13. The number of protons in an atom determines Atomic # the __________________. _ 14. What is the charge on an electron? 15. If you know the number of protons in an atom, how can you determine the number of electrons? Usually equal 16. Do all the atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons? No 17. Atoms of the same element with different Isotopes numbers of neutrons are called ___________. 18. The mass of an atom is centered in the ___________. Nucleus 19. The number of protons PLUS neutrons in an Atomic Mass atom determines its ___________________. 20. What atomic particle has a negative charge? Electrons 21. Why isn’t the mass of an electron used to determine the atomic mass of an element? e- have little to no mass 22. Where are electrons found? Energy levels 23. Which electrons in an atom have the most energy? e- in the outer levels 24. How many energy levels are there & name (7) - K – L – M – N – O - P - Q them? 25. How many electrons will each energy level hold? 2(n2) (n=energy level) K-2; L-8; M-18; etc. 26. Elements are arranged on a __________________ Periodic Table # by their atomic _____________. 27. What are Periods & what do they tell you about elements? Rows - # of energy levels 28.What are Families & what do they tell you about elements? Columns – Valence electrons 29. Two or more elements combined together make a Chemical compound _____________. 30. Chemical ______________ represent Formulas compounds. Molecules 31. _____________ are the smallest part of a compound. Subscripts 32. ______________ in chemical formulas tell the number of atoms of each element. 33. _____________ Coefficients in a formula tell the number of molecules. Different properties than 34. Compounds have ____________ its elements. Energy 35. The outermost _______________ in elements determine if they will combine. 2 or 8 e- outer energy levels 36. Elements with“Full” ___________ are stable & won’t react. Chemical Bonds Covalent •Sharing valence electrons •Single, double or triple bonds can occur •Very strong Van der Waals (forces) •Attraction between whole molecules •H-bonds are van der Waals attraction between H and other molecules. Ionic •Transferring valence electrons •Creates ions (charged particles) that are attracted to each other Ch.3 Energy in Reactions Exothermic Endothermic Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis (breaking down glucose) (creating glucose) Enzymes 1. Act as a catalyst Lower the activation energy 2. Are not used up or changed during a reaction 3. Are sensitive to changes in heat & pH Enzyme animation 4. Work for only one specific reaction AMAZING WATER!! Water is fundamental to all life on Earth The Properties of Water: Polar molecule “Universal Solvent” Ice is less dense than liquid water Surface Tension Adhesion (other) Cohesion (self) Mixtures with Water Homogeneous Solutions Solute Polar molecules dissociate in water (form ions) Solvent Heterogeneous Suspensions Colloids Non-polar particles eventually settle out of solution Non-polar particles do not settle out of solution Paint Ink Milk Mixtures with Water pH – measure of H+ ions in solution Some solutes release H+ ions into solution ACIDS Some solutes release OH- (hydroxide) ions into solution BASES pH Scale Acidic H+ = OH- Basic (Alkaline) + H > OH OH- > H+ Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Functional Group Hydroxyl Formula R-OH Example Alcohols R-C Aldehydes =O Carbonyl Ketones R –C–R Carboxyl R-C R-C Carboxylic Acid Organic Chemistry Functional Group Amino Formula R-N - H R-N Sulfhydryl R-SH Phosphate O= -O R-O-P-O Example Amino Acids Thiols Organic Phosphates Organic Chemistry 1. What group is boxed in? 3. Identify 2. Which group(s) do you see? Ketone Carboxyl Aldehyde Amino 5. Which group(s) do you see? 4. Which group(s) do you see? Amino Phosphate Carboxyl RNA Hydroxyl Biological Macromolecules Monomers Polymers H2O Carbohydrates Lipids Condensation Reaction (Dehydration Synthesis) Monosaccharides Fatty Acids & Glycerol H2O Proteins Nucleic Acids Hydrolysis Amino Acids Nucleotides Biological Macromolecules Amino Acids Polypeptide Hydrolysis/enzyme animation