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Kenneth E. Schnobrich Atomic Mass 6.941 Atomic Number +1 Li 3 1s22s1 or 2-1 Electron Configuration Oxidation State GROUPS VERTICAL COLUMNS - H • Alkali Metals 1 • Alkaline Earth Metals 2 • Transition Elements 3-12 • Chalcogens 16 • Halogens 17 • Inert (Noble) Gases 18 Li Na K Rb PERIODS 1s22s1 1s22s2 1s22s22p1 HORIZONTAL ROWS the Period Number indicates the Principal Energy Level that is filling as we move from left to right. 1s22s22p2 1s22s22p3 1s22s22p4 1s22s22p5 1s22s22p6 Li Be B C N O F Ne PERIODS 2-1 2-2 2-3 HORIZONTAL ROWS the Period Number indicates the Principal Energy Level that is filling as we move from left to right. 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 Li Be B C N O F Ne METALS METALLOIDS NONMETALS INERT GASES Table S* DECREASES *NYS Reference Tables for Chemistry COVALENT RADII - PERIOD 2 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 Cov.Radii(A) Per.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 INCREASES COVALENT RADII - GROUP IA 2.5 2 1.5 Cov.Radius(A)IA 1 0.5 0 1 3 11 19 37 55 Covalent Radius - effective distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer valence shell in a covalent or coordinate covalent bond. Van der Waals Radius - half the closest distance between two nonbonded atoms. Metals + Loss of electrons Nonmetals Gain of electrons - IONIZATION ENERGY ELECTRONEGATIVITY Definitions Ionization Energy – the amount of energy (usually in kilojoules) needed to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom of an element. Electronegativity – the attractive force that an atom has for an electron(s) during the formation of a chemical bond. (no units are assigned) “PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS” Table S 496 Na 0.9 First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) Electronegativity INCREASES General Trend Across a Period 600 500 400 300 I.E.(kcal) 2 200 100 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DECREASES General Trend Down a Group 350 300 250 200 I.E.(kcal) IA 150 100 50 0 1 3 11 19 37 55 General Trend Down a Group 350 300 250 200 I.E.(kcal) IA 150 100 50 0 1 3 11 19 37 55 Table S* DECREASES *NYS Reference Tables for Chemistry Electronegativities of Group IA 2.5 2 1.5 IA Electronegativity 1 0.5 0 1 3 11 19 37 55 Electronegativity Across a Period INCREASES Electronegativities for Period 2 4.5 4 3.5 3 Period 2 Electronegativities 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 REACTIVITY REACTIVITY INCREASES INCREASES Multiple Oxidation States Form Colored Compounds Incomplete Inner “d” Sublevels The Most active metals are in Group 1 (IA) 15 (VA) 13 (IIIA) 17 (VIIA) The elements known as Alkali metals are found in Group 1 (IA) 2 (IIA) 13 (IIIA) 17 (VIIA) What is the total number of electrons found in the valence shell of an Alkaline Earth element in the ground state 1 2 3 4 As the elements in Group IIA are considered from top to bottom, the # of electrons in the 2s subshell increases decreases remains the same Which group contains atoms that form +1 ions having an inert gas configuration? 1 (IA) 11 (IB) 17 (VIIA) 7 (VIIB) Which Group 17(VIIA) elements listed below has the greatest nuclear charge? F Cl Br I Which element is most likely to form a compound with Kr? Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Which group on the Periodic Table contains solid, liquid, and gaseous elements at room temperature? 18 (O) 2 (IIA) 16 (VIA) 17 (VIIA) Which represents the correct order of activity for the Group VIIA(17) elements? Br > I > F > Cl F > Cl > Br > I I > Br > Cl > F F > Br > Cl > I If the elements are considered from top to bottom in Group 16(VIA), the number of electrons in the outermost shell will? decrease increase remain the same Which Group contains and element that is a liquid at room temperature? 18 (O) 2 (IIA) 11 (IB) 12 (IIB) Which element has the greatest tendency to gain electrons? Te Se S O USE CHART S When atoms of the elements in Group 18 (0) are compared in order from top to bottom, the attractions between atoms? increases and the boiling point decreases decreases and the boiling point increases increases and the boiling point increases decreases and the boiling point decreases In the ground state, an atom of which element in Period 3 has the most loosely bound electron? Si Na S Ar USE CHART S Which Period contains elements that are all gases at STP? 1 2 3 4 Considered in succession, the elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table show a decrease in atomic radius with increasing atomic charge increases? nuclear charge increases # of PEL increases number of neutrons decreases # of protons increases Which represents the electron configuration of a metalloid in the ground state? 2-3 2-5 2-8-5 2-8-6 In a given Period of the Periodic Table, the element with the lowest first ionization energy is always? an Alkaline Earth Metal an Alkali Metal USE CHART S a Halogen an Inert Gas As one goes from Li to F in Period 2 of the Periodic Table, the atomic radius of the elements? decreases increases remains the same USE CHART S An element in which electrons from more than one energy level may be involved in bond formation? potassium calcium copper zinc Which element can form more than one binary compound with chlorine? potassium calcium iron zinc A pure compound is blue in color. It is most likely a compound of? sodium lithium calcium copper Which is the electron configuration of a transition element in the ground state? 2-8-8 2-8-8-2 2-8-18-2 2-8-18-8 Ar Ca Zn Kr