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Transcript 
Hybridization: sp3 orbitals
• To explain how carbon forms its four bonds, we assume that one of
the 2s electrons is “promoted” or “excited” to one of the unoccupied
2p orbitals
• With the 2s orbital half empty and the 2p orbitals all having electrons
with parallel spin, the orbitals merge to form four equal energy
orbitals, arranged in a tetrahedral geometry (bond angle-109.5º)
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