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Hybridization: sp3 orbitals ⢠To explain how carbon forms its four bonds, we assume that one of the 2s electrons is âpromotedâ or âexcitedâ to one of the unoccupied 2p orbitals ⢠With the 2s orbital half empty and the 2p orbitals all having electrons with parallel spin, the orbitals merge to form four equal energy orbitals, arranged in a tetrahedral geometry (bond angle-109.5º)