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Developing Nepal’s Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR) Status of Activities under SPCR Work Program Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health Completed Developing Nepal’s Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR) Risk Assessment Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health Prioritized Risks and Districts by TWG Meeting (Water and Energy Thematic Working Group) Climate Change Outcome Risks Prioritized Climate Change Risks Prioritized Districts /Areas -Enhance glacial melting -Glacial Lake Outburst Flood(GLOF) -Flood -Landslide -Erosion and sedimentation -Changes in river annual flows -Decrease in river discharge -Drought -Water quality degradation -Drying out of springs/ water scarcity(drinking/irrigation) -Changes in shallow ground water table Risk 1: Water quantity (too little water) (Small irrigation /rural drinking water/ Micro-hydro / water mill /groundwater depletion/ spring depletion) Risk 2 : Water quantity (too much water) (Flood / GLOF) (Landslide/flood: damage of water source, water supply infrastructures, basically intake and pipelines.) Risk 3 : Degradation of quality of drinking water Siraha , Chitawan , Solukhumbu, Acham, Jajarkot, Kalikot, Jumla, Pyuthan, Makawanpur , Rukum, Dang, Rolpa, Dadeldhura, Lamjung, Parbat Chitawan, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Mustang Mustang, Nuwakot, Chitawan, Udayapur Prioritized Risks and Districts by TWG Meeting (Climate Induced Disaster) Climate Change Outcome Risks - Flood Prioritized Climate Change Risk Risk 1: Flood - Landslide Prioritized Districts Jhapa, Udayapur, Mahottari, Kailali - GLOF - Drought Risk 2: Landslide Sankhuwasawa, Panchthar, - Forest fire Udayapur, Makawanpur, Bajura - Epidemic - Heat wave - Cold wave - Thunderbolt/ hailstorm/windstorm Risk 3: Drought Siraha, Mustang, Kapilbastu District Level Climate Change Risk Analysis at Panchthar District Climate Change Outcome Risks - Landslide - Drought /drying out of springs - Forest fire - Appearance of new insect and pest in forest / vegetable/ cash crops - Problem in human health (Increased cases of unexpected dieses) Prioritized Risk Major Impact 1. Landslide Damaged residential buildings, washed out of cultivated land, roads and irrigational cannel 2. Drought / drying out Scarcity of water for drinking and of springs irrigation 3. Forest fire Biodiversity lost, increase in soil erosion, prompt depletion of water resources Community Level CC Risk Analysis at Imbung village (Damai Community) Panchthar District Climate Priority Risks Change Outcome Risk -Landslide 1. Landslide -Drought -Health problems ( increase the cases of jaundice, diarrhea ) - Insects and pests in trees 2. Drought 3. Health problems (increase in the cases of jaundice, diarrhea) Major Impacts - 4 household (migrated) - 8 households became homeless -8 households are still using the severely damaged buildings. (No disaster shelters) - Ground moving caused disruption of land ownership boundries, at several places, causing conflict among neighbors. - Severe psycological tension - Washed out cultivated land - Decrease in crop production - Scarcity of drinking water - Children are sick for several days District Level CC Risk Analysis at Udayapur District Climate Change Outcome Risk -Flood Priority Risks Major Impacts 1. Drying out of springs (drought) - Scarcity of water for drinking and irrigation - Degradation of quality of drinking water / spreading dieses specially in children - Triggered conflict among water users groups - Decrease in agricultural production - Forced migration 2. Landslide -Washed out of cultivated land, residential buildings, forest area, intake and pipe line of drinking water schemes, displaced peoples - Sedimentation in cultivated land and forest area / river bed level rise - Damaged to infrastructures (transportation, communication ,intake and water supply pipelines infrastructure) - Displaced people -Landslide -Drought -Forest fire -Degradation of quality of drinking water - New insect and pests in agriculture /forestry 3. Flood Community Level Climate Change Risk Analysis at Asari Village / Community) Udayapur District Climate change Outcome Risk Priority Risks -Drought /drying 1. Drought /drying out of out of springs, springs, dug wells and tube dug wells and wells tube wells -Flood 2. Flood -Soil erosion -New insect and pests in plants 3. New insect and pests in plants Major Impacts -Scarcity of water for drinking, animal feeding, and irrigation. - Water quality degredation - Health problems - Washed out of an intake of a drinking water project.(4 times in 17 years) - Inundation, siltation and erosion Decreased in cereal production Risk Prioritization Name of TWG: Forest and Biodiversity Climate Change Outcome Risks as Mentioned in NAPA Documents 1. Increased Forest fire 2. Change in precipitation patterns 3. Increased temperature4. degradation of ecosystems and habitat/ habitat shift/ change in phenology/ morphology Degradation of wetlands Degradation of NTFPs and MAPs in high hills pressure to critically endangered species (both plant and animal) 5. Flash floods 6. Prolonged drought: e.g. increased tree mortality Prioritized Climate Change Risk Risk 1: Increased Forest fire Risk 2: wetland degradation Risk 3:Degradation of NTFPs/MAPs Prioritized Districts District 1: Sindhupalchowk District 2: Doti District 3: Nawalparasi District 1: Chitwan District 2: Kaski District 3: Kailali District 1: Dolpa District 2: Sankhuwasabha District 3: Salyan Risk 4:Habitat degradation District 1: Chitwan (wildlife / IAS) District 2: Rupendehi District 3: Bardiya Risk Prioritization Name of TWG: Agriculture and Food Security Climate Change Outcome Risks as Mentioned in NAPA Documents 1. Decreasing soil-moisture availability 2. Prolonged drought – winter / monsoon 3. Floods 4. Soil erosion 5. Increased disease prevalence, vector borne and parasitic diseases 6. Heat and cold waves 7. A reduction of discharge of water in shallow and even deep tube well 8. Evolution of weeds/ insect/pest dynamisms (plant & animal) 9. Erosion of agro-biodiversity/ degradation of ecosystems 10. Hailstorms/wind storms / Decrease in incidence of cloudy days Prioritized Climate Change Risk Prioritized Districts Risk 1: Prolonged drought District 1: Mugu District 2: Jajarkot District 3: Banke Risk 2: Floods (soil erosion) District 1: Kanchanpur District 2: Banke District 3: Sunsari Risk 3: Increased disease prevalence (plant and animal) and weeds Food Security District 1: Mustang District 2: Doti District 3: Chitwan Climate Change Risks - Chitwan • Water induced disaster (flood, soil erosion/ land cutting)/ • Agricultural productivity declining (pest, weed, diseases and drought/lack of water)/ declining food security • Ecosystem (including wetland) degradation in Chure and foothill of Mahabharat range (increased invasive species, siltation) • Declining water resources (ground water and spring) • Health epidemics (e.g. fever and Dengue) Climate Change Risks - Sindhupalchowk • Drought/ reduced agricultural productivity mainly from shifting monsoon rain (late) /water spring drying/ food security • Floods and landslides/soil erosion • Increased frequency of diseases/ emergence of diseases all round the year in human, animal and plant • Forest fires/Ecological shifting Climate Change Risks – Dhotar, Shindhupalchowk (downstream) • Agricultural production decreased (due to lack of water/drought)/ food security • Water sources drying up/ floods • Increased plant and animal diseases / emergence of new weeds (in every 4-5 years) • Forest fire Climate Change Risks – Kiul/Helambu, Sindhupalchowk (upstream) • Reduced agricultural productivity (both quantity and quality)/ food security • Increased plant diseases (crops and NTFPs/MAPs) • Low productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) • Increased numbers of landslides NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products; MAP: Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Climate Change Risks – Gardi/Madi, Chitwan (downstream) • Floods from Riu Khola • increased infestation of insect and diseases / food security • Water scarcity (drought and drying out of springs) and water quality degradation Risks – Shaktikhor, Chitwan (upstream) • Increased infestation of insect and diseases (decreased crop production)/ food security • Increased soil erosion from sloped land (from Chepang community) • Decreased forest food products (e.g. Chiuri and Mango)/food security • Declining water sources (drying out of spring and competition of using water for irrigation, drinking water and livestock) Prioritisation of Risks (Urban Settlement and Infrastructure) CC Outcome Risks Prioritized risks Prioritized municipalities/ districts - Drought , Unusual variability leading to pollution - Storm flood in the cities Risk 1 : Drought, unusual variability leading to pollution D1 : Cities, KTM Valley D2 : Dharan (Sunsari) D3 : Ghorahi ( Dang), HQ, Baitadi - Access to urban services challenged - Limited dilution period - Post event diseases outbreaks Risk 2 : Storm flood in cities D1 : Nepalgunj ( Banke) D2 : Cities, KTM Valley D3 : Itahari ( Sunsari) - Landslides, damage to infrastructures and buildings Risk 3 : Post event disease outbreak D1 : Nepalgunj ( Banke) D2 : HQ, Baitadi D3 : HQs, Siraha/Saptari Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health Prioritisation of Risks (Health) CC Outcome Risks Prioritized risks Prioritized municipalities/ districts Heat stroke, hyperthermia Cardio vascular diseases Migrane Epidemics Water borne disease Risk 1 Water borne diseases D1 : Banke D2 : Jajarkot D3 : Baitadi Food borne diseases Vector borne disease Uterus Prolepses Increased ARI incidences Risk 2 : Vector borne diseases D1 : Kailali D3 : Chitawan D3 : Kanchanpur, Sunsari Malnutrition, Stunting Underweight children Mental (psychological) disorder Chromoblastomycosis (peak in summer) Increased incident of poisonous snake bite Risk 3 : Malnutrition ( food scarcity) D1 : Bajura D2 : Jajarkot D3 : Remote Hill Districts Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health District Consultation District Prioritized Risk Banke Drainage (Pollution) and Sanitation leading to nuisance and water borne diseases Blockage of natural drainage leading to flood Vector borne diseases Baitadi Water borne diseases ( diarrhea), Vector borne disease (malaria) Landslide Haphazard urbanization Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health Community Consultation Community in Banke Risks I Water Quality (Sludge cleared from the drain lying on the street for several days) No safety tank, direct discharge of feces and urine on the drain Under capacity of the drainage facilities II Water Quality, No proper drainage Social disruption and Infrastructure damage (Flood leading to severe disturbances in everyday life ) Water Quality (Poor waste management ), Open defecation Human Health (Encephalitis) Water Quality (Contaminated water supply) III The area lies at the lowest elevation compared to neighboring areas and water drains to this area Contaminated water supply Sludge cleared from the drains lying on the street for several days Poor waste collection and management Water borne and vector borne diseases Extreme cold and hot weather events Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health Community Consultation Community in Baitadi Risks I Infrastructure damage from extreme events (Urbanization without planning ) Water quantity ; Change in the rainfall pattern (absence of winter and pre-monsoon rain) Prevalent drought leading to water shortage Infrastructure damage (Lack of stormwater drainage system leading to road and building damage ) No capacity for risk management (Lack of good governance due to political interference on the development activities ) Absence of a good implementation mechanism Absence of early warning system II Human Health (Loss of life and suffering from diarrhea outbreak) WQ and HH (Water contamination due to erratic rainfall and lack of protection of intakes ) Water availability (Reduced water supply in the dry period ), Lack of protection of alternative water source Livelihoods (Sudden loss of livestock) Food security ( Absence snow fall for the last 4 years leading to reduced crop yield ) Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health Key Messages from Field Consultations - Emergency shelter needed in landslide and flood prone areas - Micro-financing / soft loan / insurance is needed. - Water source conservation (integrated watershed management) / water sharing national policy are needed. - Integrated ecosystem (water-agriculture-forest) approach to combat climate change risks is needed. - Improved risk management for infrastructure (guidelines to construct local road, and extract sand & gravel from river bed) is needed -Improve connectivity (small road, bridge, culvert, boat) to have an immediate access to safe sites/hospitals/ schools/food security, and early warning system to better inform climate change risk management. Developing Nepal’s Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR) Adaptive Capacity Assessment – Sectoral Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health Adaptive Capacity – Urban Settlement and Infrastructure Level / issues Knowledge Mechanisms Resources Impediments National level Generic and superficial Ad-hoc, shortterm, nonstrategic HR – available but not trained F – weak T– fair Low priority to risks with higher magnitude District level Some knowledge Weak Weak No elected representative No strong response mechanisms , Resources are shared Community level Weak Weak Very little (or no) Enforcement Adaptive Capacity Assessment – Public Health Level / issues Knowledge Mechanisms Resources Impediments National level Problems are well identified but not the solutions Ad-hoc, shortterm, nonstrategic HR – available but not trained F – weak T– fair Low priority to risks with higher magnitude District level Some knowledge Weak Slightly better No elected representative No strong response mechanisms , Resources are shared Community level Weak Weak HR available Implementation framework Adaptive Capacity Assessment – Water and Energy Level / issues Knowledge Mechanisms Resources Impediments National level (sectoral: Ministry, department/ Non governmental) Good among some of the top bureaucrats Not enough HR is good but need training Financially week - Policy / processes yet to be set - Knowledge transfer weak - Overlapping of mandates District level Knowledge gap Weak Weak -No elected representative -Week coordination among stakeholders Weak Very little - No elected representative - No dedicated HR Community level Weak Adaptive Capacity Assessment – Climate Induced Disaster Level / issues Knowledge Mechanisms Resources Impediments National level (sectoral: Ministry, department/ Non governmental) Good among bureaucrats involved in DRM Not enough HR is good but need training Financially week - Policy / processes yet to be set - Knowledge transfer weak - Week Institutional framework / no risk management capacity District level Knowledge gap (govt.) good in some NGOs Weak (some initiation is started in Udayapur) HR, fund, equipments not enough -No elected representative -Response mechanisms need strengthening. -Not enough fund -Week Institutional framework / No risk management capacity Community level Good in some NGOs Weak No dedicated HR in VDC Week Institutional framework / No risk management capacity Adaptive Capacity Assessment – Agriculture and Food Security Level / issues Knowledge Mechanisms Resources Impediments National level (sectoral: Ministry, department/ Non governmental) Some generic knowledge but sparse Weak HR – weak/fair Finance – weak Technical – fair Policy / processes yet to be set No financial and weak Human Resources, No risk management capacity District level Some knowledge Weak (some initiatives in Chitwan) Weak No elected representative No strong response mechanisms No risk management capacity Community level Weak (little in chitwan but weak in Sindhu) Very little (or no) No elected representative No risk management capacity Weak (some initiatives in Chitwan) Adaptive Capacity Assessment – Forestry and Biodiversity Level / issues Knowledge Mechanisms Resources Impediments National level (sectoral: Ministry, department/ Non governmental) Generic knowledge but still sparse Some mechanisms exist but still short term focus HR – available but not trained Finance – weak Technical – fair Policy / processes yet to be set Knowledge transfer Weak , Weak implementation framework No risk management capacity District level Some knowledge Weak Weak No elected representative No strong response mechanisms ownership (multiple and/or no) No risk management capacity Community level Weak Weak Very little (or no) No elected representative No risk management capacity Some Observations • Increased social conflict and forced migration (not visible though) due to water resources drying/declining • Drought/increased pest/weeds increased food insecurity • Upstream downstream relation • Social /farmers security systems • Connectivity to basic services • Community based disaster preparedness – plan developed but insufficient resources to implement Proposed Interventions • Water source protections • Food security • Churia area conservation and management • Ecosystems based adaptation/management/ (approach: payment for environment services) • Support community based disaster preparedness Developing Nepal’s Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR) National Adaptive Capacity Assessment – To be Finalised with TWGs Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health Developing Nepal’s Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR) Definition of Priority Needs/ Investments Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health SUMMARY OF PRIORITY RISKS: 1. Water Quantity and Quality (Extreme Events and Climate Variability) 2. Food Security (Extreme Events and Climate Variability) 3. Human Health (Extreme Events and Climate Variability) 4. Ecosystem Health (Climate Variability) Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health SPCR Interventions to Address Priority Risks 1. Water Quantity and Quality a. Upgrading of Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) services to monitor water quantity/ quality and provide early information to establish early warning systems – Recommended in NCSA/NAPA b. Integrated Watershed Management within priority river system - Recommended in NAPA Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health SPCR Interventions to Address Priority Risks 2 . Food Security (Extreme Events and Climate Variability) a. Remote Community Connectivity to upgrade road/telephone communications and emergency shelters to facilitate access to emergency shelters, agricultural services, irrigation technology and markets for agricultural products/goods/service - Recommended in NAPA b. Establish micro-finance and micro-insurance for vulnerable farmers, communities and households - Recommended in NCSA Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health SPCR Interventions to Address Priority Risks 3. Human Health (Extreme Events and Climate Variability) a. Integrated Watershed Management within priority river system to address risks from flood, pollution and water/vector-borne disease - Recommended in NAPA b. Build/enhance capacity and improve coordination for climate change risk management Recommended in NCSA and NAPA Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health SPCR Interventions to Address Priority Risks 4. Ecosystem Health (Climate Variability) a. Integrated Ecosystem Management to enhance resilience of natural ecosystems - Recommended in NAPA Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health SUMMARY OF PROPOSED SPCR INTERVENTIONS : 1. Integrated Watershed Management within priority river system to address risks from flood, pollution and water/vector-borne disease - Recommended in NAPA 2. Upgrading of Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) services to monitor water quantity/quality and provide early information to establish early warning systems – Recommended in NCSA/NAPA Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health SUMMARY OF PROPOSED SPCR INTERVENTIONS : 3. Build/enhance capacity and improve coordination for climate change risk management • establish Climate Change Risk Management Facilitation Unit within MOE and climate change risk management capacity within key institutions (including PAF, Road Board, Water Board, etc) and at sectoral, district, community and municipal levels and within the private sector (Source: NCSA). • Financing Long-term Resilience Measures establish sustainable financing to provide the necessary resources that support short, medium and long-term resiliency measures (Source: NCSA). Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health SUMMARY OF PROPOSED SPCR INTERVENTIONS /continued: 4. Remote Community Connectivity - upgrade road/telephone communications and emergency shelters to facilitate access to emergency shelters, agricultural services, irrigation technology and markets for agricultural products/goods/service Recommended in NAPA 5. Establish micro-finance and micro-insurance for vulnerable farmers, communities and households - Recommended in NCSA 6. Integrated Ecosystem Management in vulnerable area to enhance resilience of natural ecosystems - Recommended in NAPA Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health SUMMARY OF PROPOSED SPCR INTERVENTIONS /continued: PPCR TA – Enhance/Strengthen Fiduciary Management Capacity of Ministry of Environment (MOE) Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health DISCUSSION Drought/Food Security Flood/Vulnerable Communities Livelihoods/ Social Capital Landslides/Critical Infrastructure Water Availability/ Health