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Options for Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies for the Pacific Island Countries by Mahendra Kumar South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa Outline of Presentation • PICs background – vulnerability – GHG emissions • • • • • Mitigation options Adaptation options Barriers Needs Conclusion Pacific Islands Region • • • • • • • Geographical isolation Fragile environment Rapid population growth Limited natural resource base Dependence on marine resources Vulnerability to natural hazards Vulnerability to external and global changes Vulnerability to Natural Hazards • • • • • • • • Cyclones: high to medium Coastal flood: high (1 medium) River flood: variable Drought: medium to high (2 low) Earthquake: 3 high, low to medium Landslide: 3 high, low Tsunami: medium to high Volcano: 3 high GHG Emissions • 0.96 tonnes per capita p.a., – world average for 1996: 4.02 t/pa • 0.2% population, .03% emissions • OECD: 20% population, 50% global emissions Question What is there to mitigate? Mitigation • Demand side: appropriate (more efficient) appliances (technology) to enhance efficiency • Supply side – Improve efficiency by using better technology – New and alternative forms of energy: solar, wind, biomass, biofuels, ocean, mini hydro Table 4: Options for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions (From Ellis, 1999 Power Generation Power Distribution Power Consumption Ground Transport Forest Pricing/Tax Carbon tax on all fossil fuels Tax on ageing and inefficient gensets Preferential tax / exemptions of non-fossil consuming technologies Preferential tax / exemptions on supplies for upgrading the distribution systems network Tax on inefficient appliances Preferential Tax / exemption on more efficient appliances Tariff review Make forest establishment Expenses tax deductible Sell emissions offset rights Subsidy Subsidise lighter fuels Subsidise more efficient gensets Subsidise emission control/monitoring instruments Subsidies for upgrading power distribution networks Subsidise more efficient appliances Regulation/ Policy Emissions level Fuel quality Power Mix Efficiency of gensets More use of renewables Renewable energy awareness and training programmes Levels of line losses Power thefts Minimum equipment standards Carbon tax on all petroleum fuels Tax vehicles according to engine sizes Preferential tax / exemptions on nonfuel consuming transport system Subsidise the public transport sector Subsidise more efficient cars Subsidise non-fuel consuming transport systems Engine sizes Emission levels Technical assistance with loss identification Efficiency labelling schemes Efficiency audits Public awareness and training programmes Public awareness and training programmes Emissions control and monitoring instruments More efficient gensets Power from wind, hydro, biomass, PV, coconut oil, geothermal, waves, OTEC Commercially-oriented power sector Cables Transformers Reliable metering equipment to detect losses Affordable and efficient appliances Solar water heaters Biomass for heat PV Fuel consumption labelling schemes Public education and maintenance training programmes Public transport vehicles Commerciallyoriented power sector Full costs of power supply recovered in the power tariff Commerciallyoriented power sector Traffic control measures to smooth traffic flows Establish a coordinating agency to improve public transport efficiency Create company, trust, or other structure to facilitate afforestation projects Information Equipment Supply Institutional Compensate for loss of stumpage revenue. Provide free seedlings Provide improved roading Tree planting obligation after harvesting Nurseries Table 6: Renewable Energy Resource Potentials of the Pics (From Johnston, 1995) Country Solar Wind Biomass Cook Is FSM Fiji Kiribati Marsh.Is. Nauru Niue Palau PNG Samoa Sol. Is. Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Key: ~ ~ ~ excellent resource; Hydro GeoOTEC Wave thermal ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? good resource; some resource, ?? definite potential but resource unknown; ~ unlikely to be exploitable resource} Adaptation • Actions, activities, measures designed to ameliorate impacts of climate change • Two main concerns for PICs – Extreme events – Sea-level rise Priority Sectors • • • • • • Coastal zone Water resources Agriculture Fisheries Ecosystems Human health Adaptation Technologies • Definition of ‘technology transfer’ • Adaptation technologies – Uncertainties on magnitudes and rate of impacts at local/regional level – Site specific – Local benefits – Not commercially attractive – Public & government sponsored Coastal Technologies • Crucial for small islands • Existing best practices using traditional technology • V&A assessments completed • Need to identify available technology • Enhance awareness and training to enable adoption and usage Possible Adaptive Measures • Agriculture – – – – – Salt-tolerant crops Drought resistant cultivars Crop diversification Change in farming practices Selection of suitable species Coastal Zone • • • • • • Protection of mangrove system Protection of coral reefs Coastal management systems Foreshore revegetation & protection Prevention of pollutant discharge Control of aggregate removal Water Resources • Improved management and maintenance of existing water supply • Improved water quality • Catchment protection and conservation • Drought preparedness • Flood controls • Protection of ground water Human Health • Reduction in heat stress by improved building designs • Public awareness programmes about malaria, dengue and other vector borne diseases • Improved quarantine measures • Improved medical services Barriers • Lack of awareness about climate change, impacts and the linkages • Lack of understanding about human influences • Lack of awareness about technology and information dissemination mechanisms • Lack of resources and skills • Lack of appropriate national polices Needs • Awareness, public information, education training programmes on – Climate change and impacts – Role of technology to address these • Institutional: regional/local centres for information dissemination, training, capacity building • R&D: develop new technologies; adopt for local conditions • Appropriate policies Conclusion • Identify priorities for PICs – Country driven • Activities dependent on resources and technology • Developed country obligations • Integrated approach – Transfer of hardware – Training, capacity building, awareness raising – Involvement of all stakeholders