Download Something Security

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL
SECURITY
Headaches and recipes for public
policy
‘WHAT IS SECURITY?’
• We are not going back over basic
questions eg etymology, negative/
positive security, ‘security for whom’
• We start from the assumption that there
are different dimensions of security
today that cause concern at level of
states, organizations of states,
societies, and individuals
WHAT DOES THE ‘SECURITY
SPECTRUM’ TELL US?
• Look at the range - typical for a developed
democratic state (differences for a weak
‘Southern’ state, an ‘emerging’ power...??)
• What is left off at the bottom?
• Note options for grouping/packaging
• Choice of ‘packages’ is itself a sign of
priorities, doctrines, fashions
• Any dimensions or possible packages left
out?
IS THIS PRACTICAL?
• Common critiques: (i) over-extended definitions
‘meaningless’ and/or ‘too complicated’ (eg for
comparative risk assessment, executive handling); (ii)
critique of ‘securitization’
• BUT: - main risks for West objectively moving down
the spectrum; non-securitizing can also mean
ignoring/downplaying them (cf US experience..)
- all action comes out of same resource pot (state
and non-state)
- look at what our govts/organiz’ns are actually
saying, even pre-kreppa! (‘Threats’ handout)
MORE ON NON-MILITARY
DIMENSIONS
• See ‘”Something” Security’ handout:
- types of functional security problem
- interplay with ‘hard’ security
- introducing idea of chains of
causation, chains of consequences
• Chains idea in more detail: ........
EXAMPLE:
THE HERBERT BRAUN DIAGRAM ON EFFECTS
OF A MAJOR ENERGY BREAKDOWN (EG,
NATION-WIDE OR VERY LARGE ELECTRICITY
FAILURE): ‘WORST SCENARIO’ FOR SWISS
NATIONAL SECURITY
(Who is Herbert Braun??)
THINGS BRAUN SAYS CAN
CAUSE THIS
• Storm or drought (eg, caused by climate
change)
• Nuclear accident
• Cyberterrorism
• Internal political/economic crisis (how?)
• THINK OF MORE!
THINGS BRAUN SAYS THIS
CAN LEAD TO
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Breakdown of economy/banking
Ditto IT networks
Ditto ‘international competitiveness’
Ditto health system
THINK OF MORE!!
IN SUM:
• Military, terrorist, internal-political,
human accident and natural forces can
cause the problem
• Military, law and order, economic,
technological, and human dimensions of
security can suffer as a result
WHAT REMEDIES? (a)
PRIORITIZING CAUSES
• Which are more likely/frequent?
• Which are likely to have bigger impact
than others (always bigger, or wider
range)?
• Which are likely to have multiple
impacts?
• WHICH CAN WE DO ANYTHING
ABOUT??
CAUSES: WHAT CAN WE
DO?
• State alone or with other
states/institutions
• State alone or with other kinds of actors
• Eliminate, deter, divert; reduce motive
or targets or impact or frequency
• GIVE EXAMPLES relevant for (i) cyberterrorism (ii) climate change
(b)DAMAGE: PRIORITIZING
CONCERNS
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Vulnerability/exposure
Robustness - survival, functioning
Nature of (direct) consequences
Seriousness/scale of consequences for
(a) the state, (b) people, (c) the
environment ((d) allies if any)
• Likelihood, number and seriousness of
secondary consequences (dominos)
DAMAGE: WHAT CAN WE
DO?
• Reduce exposure (harden, disperse and
diversify, find substitutes etc)
• Increase robustness (material + human,
objective + psychological)
• Block/reduce direct losses
• Block/reduce domino effects (firewalls,
redundancy etc)
• GIVE EXAMPLES for (a) health system (b)
transport networks
HOW TO DISTRIBUTE
RESOURCES?
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Traditional defence OR new violence
All violence vs. all accidental+natural risks
All ‘security’ probs vs permanent needs
Frequent OR exceptional risks
Short-term OR long-term risks
Obvious OR creeping/invisible risks
Just for ourselves or for the world as a
whole??
HOW TO LINK THIS WITH OUR
NON-STATE ANALYSIS?
• Triangles document
• (More detailed lists on business in
session 4)