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Chapter 40 Tissues of the Body The Human Animal • Coelom: Is the Body Cavity – Divided into 2 parts – Thoracic & Abdominal • Body is organized – Cells…tissues…organs…systems… 11 Principal Systems 1. Circulatory: Transport cells & materials 2. Digestive: Captures nutrients from ingested food 3. Endocrine: Hormones…coordinates activity of body 4. Excretory: Removes wastes from body 5. Immune: Removes foreign bodies from bloodstream. 6. Integumentary: Skin…covers the body. 11 Principal Systems Cont. 7. Muscular: Produces body movement 8. Nervous: Information & relays it to the body. 9. Reproductive: Reproduction 10. Respiratory: Captures O2 & exchanges gases. 11. Skeletal: Protects body & provides support for movement. Tissues • 1. 2. 3. 4. 4 Main Types Epithelium Tissue: Protective Tissue (Skin) Connective Tissue: Support the Body Muscle Tissues: Provides movement Nervous Tissue: Conducts signals rapidly Epithelium • Functions – Protects from dehydration & mechanical damage – Provide selectively permeable barrier – Secrete materials • 3 Classes 1. Simple Epithelium 2. Stratified Epithelium 3. Glands 1. Simple Epithelium • Single cell layer thick a) Simple Squamous: flattened, irregular shape (Line Lungs & major Cavities) b) Simple Cuboidal: full shape, equal height & width (line respiratory tract & ducts of testes.) c) Columnar: full shape, height greater than width (line respiratory tract & ducts of testes.) 2. Stratified Epithelium • Several Layers Thick – Ex SKIN • 3. Glands – Produces different substances – 2 types: 1) Exocrine glands: connected to epithelium by a DUCT 2) Endocrine glands: connected to epithelium ductless. Connective Tissue • • • Derived from mesoderm Composed of living cells imbedded in a nonliving matrix Divided into 3 categories 1. Defensive: matrix of blood plasma 2. Structural: matrix of fibrous proteins 3. Sequestering: acts as storage sites Connective Tissue Cont. • Defensive Connective Tissue 1. Macrophages: in blood & fibrous mesh of tissues a) Engulfs cellular debris & bacteria (foreign material) 2. Lymphocytes: circulate in blood a) Fighting infections (B cells & T cells) 3. Mast Cells (Blood vessels) a) Enlarges the blood vessels to speed healing process. Structural Connective Tissue 1. Fibroblasts a) Most common connective tissue b) Secretes collagen: makes cartilage, tendons, & bones 2. Cartilage a) Possess great strength & flexibility b) Tendons: connects muscle to bone c) Ligaments: connects bone to bone 3. Bone: (206 Bones) a) Cartilage fibers coated with calcium phosphate salt Muscle Tissue • • • Derived from the mesoderm Provides movement 3 types 1. Smooth: earliest to evolve (lines internal cavities) Involuntary muscle 2. Skeletal: Striated muscle (Has Sarcoplasm) a) Acts like a raft being towed by many small canoes (Attaches to bone) Voluntary muscle 3. Cardiac: Heart muscle Nervous Tissue • Composed of : – Neurons: conducts an electrical impulse • Dendrites: Receives impulses from other cells • Axon: Transmits nerve impulse away from the cell body – GIAL Cells: Bunch around axons – Nerves are cluster of axons & Dendrites Homeostasis (p. 895-899) • Maintaining a stable internal conditions – pH, Glucose, Body Temp., etc… • Know difference between negative & positive feedback • What is the HYPOTHALAMUS Skeletal System Function Skeletal System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Locomotion Support Protection Makes Blood Storages of minerals (Ca, P, etc.) 206 Bones • Axial Skeletal (80 bones) – Ex. Spine, ribs, skull, sacrum, sternum • Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) – Ex. Arms, legs, pelvic, & shoulders • Ossification: making of bone • Smallest bones found in the ear – Stirrup (Stapes), Anvil (incus), Hammer (Malleus) Joints 1. Hinge: moves in 1 plane…Knee & Elbow 2. Ball & Socket: moves in many directions… Shoulder & Hips 3. Gliding: Between vertebrae of spine 4. Pivot: Neck 5. Angular: wrist Vocabulary • • • • Tendons: Muscle to bone Ligaments: Bone to bone Synorial Fluid: Lubricates the joints Cartilage: Soft bone Muscle Attachment to bones • By tendons • Point of Insertion: attachment of muscle to movable bone • Point of Origin: attachment of muscle to stationary bone • Flexor: Bends joints • Extensors: Straighten joints • Antagonism: muscles working together CLASSIFICATION • APPEARED DURING PALEOCENE EPOCH • MONOTREMATA: EGG-LAYERS DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS & SPINY ANTEATER (ECHIDNA) – – MARSUPIAL: POUCHED MAMMALS PLACENTAL MAMMALS: 17 ORDERS 95% OF ALL ANIMALS ORDERS • MONOTREMATA: OVIPAROUS – EGG LAYERS – NOT COMPLETELY ENDOTHERMIC – NIPPLELESS MAMMARY GLANDS – DUCK-BILL PLATYPUS – SPINY ANTEATER (ECHIDNA) ORDERS CONTINUED • MARSUPIALIA – POUCHED MAMMALS – SHORTEST GESTATION PERIOD • (10-12 DAYS) – OPOSSUM FOUND IN NORTH AMERICA 2 Essays • How muscles work (page 1066-1071) • WS question #7 (Homeostasis)