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OBHS Physical
Education
ANATOMY – The Skeletal
System
5 Major Functions
There are five major functions of the skeleton:
1. Shape and support
2. Movement
3. Protection
4. Blood Production
5. Storage
Remember : Should Mothers Protect Babies Skins
• Shape and Support - This is our body's framework. It
provides shape for our body, holds our vital organs in place and
allows us to have a good posture.
• Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones in a way
which allows movement.
• Protection -
Protects our delicate organs e.g.-SKULL protects
the BRAIN. RIB CAGE protects the HEART and LUNGS etc.
• Blood Production - Red and white blood cells are
produced in the bone marrow found in many bones.
RED CELLS carry oxygen to the muscles to enable them to
work. They are red in colour because they carry haemoglobin.
WHITE CELLS fight infection in the body.
•
Storage- minerals like calcium are stored in the bones to add
strength
Main Bones
1. Cranium
2. Scapula
3. Clavicle
4. Humerus
5. Pelvis
6. Sternum
7. Ribs
8. Vertebrae
9. Radius
10. Ulna
11. Carpals &
Metacarpals
12. Phalanges
13. Femur
14. Patella
15. Tibia
16. Fibula
17. Tarsals &
Metatarsals
18. Phalanges
Don’t be confused…
The Chest
Clavicle – collar bone
Scapula – shoulder blade
The Arm
Radius - thumb side lower
Ulna - finger side lower
Humerus - upper arm –
“funny bone”
The Leg
Fibula - small lower
Tibia - large lower
Patella - knee
The Hand
Carpals - wrist bones
Metacarpals – hand
The Foot
Metatarsals - foot
Tarsals - ankle –
think “T” for “toes”
Joints
Where bones meet they form JOINTS.
The movement of the skeleton is helped by
joints. There are THREE kinds of joints:
•
•
•
Fibrous (non-moving e.g.- skull)
Cartilagenous (limited movement e.g.vertebrae of spine)
Synovial (a range of movements are
available)
Connective tissue
Joints are moved by muscles and
bones. These are attached by
LIGAMENTS and TENDONS.
LIGAMENTS attach bone
to bone.
TENDONS attach muscle
to bone.
e.g.- The knee joint. Movements other than flexion/extension can
cause serious ligament damage in hinge joints like the knee. In contact
sports like rugby these ligaments are often strained by forces acting in
other directions.
Synovial Joints
Most moving joints are
SYNOVIAL JOINTS. They
are very complex
structures. The Bones are
linked together by
ligaments and allow a wide
range of movements.
Features of a synovial joint include:
Synovial fluid – Lubricates the joint
Synovial Membrane – Seals the joint
Synovial Capsule - Surround the
joint to prevent leakage
The knee is an example of a
synovial joint
Joints Cont’d
Joints can be separated into FOUR
categories:
Ball and Socket joint
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
Pivot joint
Quiz 9/5
What bones make up the following parts of the body
The Arm
1.
2.
3.
The Leg
4.
5.
6.
The Hand
7.
8.
9.
10. What sort of joint is the shoulder ?
1. Ball and Socket
Definition: A ball-shaped bone end fits into a socket or cupshaped bone.
Examples:
1. Hip
2. Shoulder
Movements: A multiaxial joint allowing
movement in many directions around the joint.
The movements possible are:
1.
Back and forth
(extension/flexion)
2.
Side to side
(abduction/adduction)
3.
Rotation
4.
Circumduction
2. Hinge
Definition: Two bones join in such a way that movement is
possible only in one direction, usually at right angles to the
bones.
Examples:
1. Elbow
2. Knee
3. Ankle
Movements: A uniaxial joint allowing movement in only one
direction
The only movement possible is:
Back and forth
(extension/flexion)
3. Gliding
Definition: The bone surfaces are small and flat, or slightly
concave and one bones slides over the other.
Examples:
1. Carpals and tarsals
2. Ribs and vertebrae
3. Scapula and ribs
Movements: Only slight movement is possible due to the
restrictions of attached ligaments.
Movements possible are:
1. side to side
(abduction / adduction)
2. Back and forth
(extension/flexion)
4. Pivot
Definition: A joint constructed in such a way that rotation only
is possible (usually about the long axis of the bone)
Examples:
1. Atlas and axis of neck
2. Radius and humerous
Movements: A uniaxial joint allowing movement in only one
direction
The only movement possible is:
Rotation
Quiz – Anatomy 12/5
1.
2.
5.
6.
3.
4.
7.
8.
What sort of joints
are the following
9. Shoulder
10. Elbow
11. Knee
12. Ribs and
vertebrae
Today 12/5
1. Learn the language used to describe
movement in the human body
Types of Movement
There are many types of movement that the
skeleton and muscles can produce. The following
are the most common:
• Flexion
• Extension
• Rotation
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Dorsiflexion
• Plantarflexion
3.7. Movements at Synovial Joints
Just as we learnt a set of terms to describe the positioning of bones, muscles
and organs in the body, so we have a set of terms to describe how joints
move.
Term
Definition
Flexion
Bending or
decreasing the
angle between
two bones
Examples
1.
Trunk
Bending forwards
(sideways – lateral
flexion)
2.
Shoulder
Moving the arm forward
3.
Arm
Bending at the elbow
4.
Wrist
Bringing the palm
towards the forearm
5.
Hip
Raising the thigh
towards the trunk
6.
Knee
Bending at the knee
Term
Definition
Extension
Straightening or
increasing the
angle between
two bones
Examples
1.
Trunk
Straightening up
2.
Shoulder
Moving the arm backward
3.
Arm
Straightening the elbow
4.
Wrist
Straightening the wrist
5.
Hip
Moving the leg backward
6.
Knee
Straightening the knee
Term
Definition
Abduction
Moving a limb or
part of a limb away
from the midline of
the body
Adduction
Moving a limb or
part of a limb
towards the midline
of the body
Circumduction
A combination of
flexion, extension,
abduction and
adduction.
The movement of
the limb resembles
the shape of a cone
Examples
Moving outwards on a
star jump
Bringing the limbs back
together in a star
jump
The arm stroke in
Butterfly
Term
Definition
Rotation
Twisting of a limb
about its long axis
Supination
Movement of the
hand into a palm-up
position
Holding a bowl of
soup
Pronation
Movement of the
hand into a palmdown position tipping
the soup out
Examples
Turning the head
Twisting
the trunk
Turning a card over
Turning a page in a book
Turning a card face
down
Closing a book
Term
Definition
Inversion
Movement of the
sole of the foot
inward
Eversion
Movement of the
sole of the foot
outward
Dorsi flexion
Movement of the
top of the foot
upward, closer to
the shin
Plantar flexion
Movement of the
sole of the foot
downward
Examples
Recapping
Movements
Types of Movement cont’d
FLEXION – Bending the joint.
E.g. Bending the knee or elbow. BALL and SOCKET and
HINGE are the main joint types that can produce this
movement.
Types of Movement cont’d
EXTENSION of a joint is where the joint is straightened.
BALL and SOCKET and HINGE joints are common
examples of joints that can produce this movement.
Straightening the leg when striking a ball is an example
of EXTENSION at the knee (HINGE JOINT)
Types of Movement cont’d
The ROTATION movement can occur at a BALL
and SOCKET and a PIVOT joint. e.g. turning the
head or the movement at the shoulder when
swimming backstroke.
Types of Movement cont’d
ABDUCTION and ADDUCTION movements can be
produced by BALL and SOCKET joints. ABDUCTION is
where a limb moves away from the centre of the body.
ADDUCTION is where the limb is moved TOWARDS
the centre of the body.
Joints and Performance
Injuries to joints can occur from:
• Over use (Too much training)
• Incorrect movement injuries (e.g.-wrong
techniques)
• Impact or twisting (e.g.-twist of knee or elbow from
a tackle or collision)
Such injuries should be iced
immediately, given plenty rest,
elevated and compressed to aid
recovery and avoid permanent
damage.
sports injuries clip
Muscle Recap – Name the muscle
Types of Muscle
In the Human Body there are 3 different
types of muscle. These are:
SMOOTH – Also known as INVOLUNTARY
muscles. Found in the internal organs such as
the intestine. They are named as such
because we do not have conscious control
over them.
CARDIAC – Found only in the heart. We cannot
control it and it is constantly working. It
enables blood to be pumped from the heart to
the body.
SKELETAL – Often called VOLUNTARY or
STRIPED muscle. It enables us to move and
is under our conscious control.
Muscles for Endurance and Power
Muscles are made up of lots of individual fibres. In skeletal muscle,
these fibres are either FAST TWITCH or SLOW TWITCH. Both have
their different roles … Fast twitch for power, slow twitch for
endurance.
Fast twitch fibres
 contract very quickly and powerfully,
 get tired fast
 useful for explosive, short duration activities
 Eg sprinting and weightlifting.
Slow twitch fibres
 contract more slowly and with less force
 don't get tired as quickly
 useful for endurance activities
 Eg Swimming and running
Muscles for Endurance and Power
Slow twitch fibres contract more slowly and with
less force, but they don't get tired as quickly.
They are useful for endurance activities.
Everyone has a similar number of muscle fibres,
but it is the proportion of fast twitch to slow
twitch fibres that differs.
You cannot change the amount of slow or fast
twitch muscle fibres that you have, but you can
train them to work more effectively.
The Effect of Exercise and Training
on Muscles
Skeletal muscle responds to training and
exercise (or lack of it) in two ways.
Regular training and exercise can create
greater muscle development
(HYPERTROPHY).
Too much inactivity causes muscle
wastage (ATROPHY)
The Effect of Exercise and Training
on Muscles
When we exercise our bodies regularly and with heavy workloads
(normally ANAEROBIC), muscle fibre size increases until the
muscle has become large and strong enough to do the tasks
required of them.
Carrying heavy, bulked muscle does not help endurance athletes so
the muscles adapt to using the energy efficiently, and normally will
only grow to the maximum size that they need to be.
How the Muscles Move
To make a joint move in two
directions, you need two muscles
that work in opposite directions.
ANTAGONISTIC muscles are pairs
of muscles that work against each
other.
One muscle contracts. This is
called the AGONIST or PRIME
MOVER. The other one relaxes.
This is called the ANTAGONIST
Remember what ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS Do!!!!!
Term
1. Agonist (Prime
Mover)
2. Extension
3. Abduction
4. Flexion
5. Antagonist
6. Adduction
7. Plantar Flexion
8. Dorsi Flexion
Definition
A. Movement of the sole of the foot
downward
B. The muscle that relaxes during a
movement
C. Straightening a joint
D. Bending a joint
E. Movement of sole of foot towards
the shine
F. Moving a limb towards the
midline of the body
G. The muscle that contracts,
creating the movement
H. Moving a limb away from the
midline of the body
Today
1. Recap the Muscular System
•
Create your own labelled diagram of the
muscular system
2. Describe movement of sporting
examples using correct anatomical
language
3. Go over Homework sheet
4. Anatomy and movement bingo
The Muscular System
Trapezius
Deltoids
Biceps
Triceps
Pectoralis Major
Abdominals
Quadriceps
Tibialis Anterior
Latissimus Dorsi
Erector Spinae
Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Hip Flexors
Muscles and
Movement



Movement
Agonist
Antagonist
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Deltoid – Flexes, Extends and Abducts your arm
at the shoulder.
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Biceps - Flexes your arm at the elbow.
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Triceps – Extends your arm at the elbow
joint.
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Abdominals - Flex the spine so you can
bend forward.
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Pectorals - Raises your arm at the shoulder.
Draws it across your chest.
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Latissimus Dorsi (lats) - Pulls your arm
down at the shoulder. Draws it behind
your back.
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Trapezius - Holds and rotates your
shoulders. Moves your head back and
sideways.
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Quadriceps - Straighten the leg at the knee.
Keep it straight when you stand.
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Hamstrings – Flex your leg at the knee.
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Gluteals - Extension at the hip.
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
Gastrocnemius – Plantarflexion of the
ankle joint (standing on your tiptoes).
Quiz 29/7
8. Bending or ↓ the
angle of a joint it
known as
9. Moving a limb
away from the
bodies midline is
known as
10. Which OBHS
blues were
awarded today?
Homework out
Quiz 4/8
8. Straightening or
↑ the angle of a
joint it known as
9. Moving a limb
towards the
bodies midline is
known as
10. Moving a limb
away from the
bodies midline is
known as?
Today
4/8
1. Recap the Muscular System
•
Create your own labelled diagram of the
muscular system
2. Describe movement of sporting
examples using correct anatomical
language
3. Identify and describe parts of and how
the Cardio-respiratory System works


Label cardio-respiratory system
Complete paragraph describing cardiorespiratory
Homework Out
Quiz 5/8
Match the term with its definition
Term
Definition
1. Agonist (Prime
Mover)
A. The muscle that contracts,
creating the movement
2. Extension
3. Abduction
B. The muscle that relaxes during a
movement
C. Straightening a joint
4. Flexion
D. Bending a joint
5. Antagonist
E. Moving a limb away from the
midline of the body
6. Adduction
F. Moving a limb towards the midline
of the body
What's Happening ???
Quiz 10/8
Elbow Joint
Movement:___1____
Agonist: ____2____
Antagonist: ___3___
Hip Joint
Movement:____4___
Agonist: _____5___
Antagonist: ___6___
Ankle Joint
Movement:___7____
Agonist: ____8____
Antagonist: __9____
10. What is the sporting event that takes place during week 7?
Cardio-respiratory System
The heart and lungs are responsible for moving
oxygen around the body. The ________ system
inhales oxygen into the _____ where it is
_______ into the blood. The ______ system
pumps ____ filled blood around the body where
it provides the ______ with the ____ it needs to
perform work. The cardio respiratory system
______ more oxygen into the body as a
resppnse to _____. It does this by _____ both its
______ and ______ rate to deliver an increased
quality of oxygen to _____ muscles.
Factors affecting the Heart and Lungs