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From Cells to Organisms Cells Working Together • Single Celled Organisms – These include organisms such as bacteria and yeast, and they can survive on their own without depending on other cells. • Animal Cells – These cells live and work as part of a much larger group of cells, and quickly die if separated. Levels of Organization • All animals (incl humans) have bodies made up of cells organized in a hierarchy (levels of organization of increasing or decreasing complexity). • The Hierarchy: – Cells- the most basic unit of living things. – Tissue- any group of similar cells that performs the same specific function (eg. Muscle, bone, blood, skin, nerve tissue). – Organ- A structure made up of two or more types of tissue that work together to complete a specific task. – Organ System – One or more organs and other structures that work together to perform a body function. – Organism – A complex individual that can perform functions such as eat, breathe, move and reproduce. Covering Tissue: Epithelium • Epithelial Tissue (epithelium): made up of tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces and line the body’s internal organs and cavities. This can be a single layer or many layers of cells. – Single Layer: A thin layer of epithelial tissue allows some materials to pass though the layer (eg. Air sacs in the lungs have a single layer which allows oxygen to be exchanged between sacs and blood). – Multiple Layers: A thick layer of epithelial tissue protects areas that can suffer from injury (eg. Skin has many layers). Connective Tissue • Connective Tissue: Made up of both specialized cells and non-living substances. – Blood – connects body systems by bringing in oxygen and nutrients and removing waste. – Bone – made up of living bone cells surrounded by hard non-living material. – Ligaments- strong elastic tissue that connects bones together. – Tendons- tough, inelastic tissue that attaches muscles to bones. – Cartilage- a softer, cushioning pad like tissue found at bone joints, as well as other parts such as ears and nose. Connective Tissue Injuries • Achilles Tendon Injury • Tennis Elbow • Torn ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) – key ligament holding the bones in the knee together that can be harmed by overstretching or suddenly twisting the knee. Sensory Tissue • Light-sensitive cells (retina) – tissue in the eye that responds to light in the environment to transmit imagery information to the brain. • Hair cells (in the cochlea) - tissue in the ear that senses sound vibrations. • Nerve tissue - one of the most complex body tissues fund in the brain, spinal chord, and making up the nerves. – Sensory Neurons- tissue in the skin and other sensory organs that receives information about the outside environment. – Motor neurons- carry instructions from the brain or the spinal chord to the another body part usually the muscles. – Interneurons- The tissue that connects sensory and motor neurons (make up the brain and spinal chord). Responding: Muscle Tissue • Muscle Tissue: Specialized tissue made up of cells that shorten or contract to allow movement. – Striated Muscle Tissue - muscle tissue that can be voluntarily controlled to contract allow someone to through a ball, walk or run (eg. Skeletal muscle) – Smooth Muscle Tissue – the muscle tissue that lines the walls of arteries, veins and body organs and contacts involuntarily (eg. contractions in stomach to assist digestion, or diaphragm movement in lungs to allow breathing). – Cardiac Muscle Tissue - A type of striated muscle tissue that lines the walls of the heart and contracts involuntarily.