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Muscular system
Types of the muscle
Skeletal:striated, and voluntary.
 Smooth:nonstiated, and involuntary.
 Cardiac:striated, and involuntary.

Types of connective tissues
wrappings of skeletal muscle
Endomysium : a delicate connective tissue
sheath surrounds muscle fibre.
 Perimysium : a coarser fibrous membrane
surrounds several sheathed muscle fibers to
form bundle of fibers called a fascicle.
 Epimysium : a tougher overcoat of
connective tissue surrounds many fascicles.

The epimysia blend into the strong, cordlike tendons, or into sheet-like aponeurosis.
 Function:attaching the muscle to bone….
Providing durability
Conserving space

Muscle function
Providing movement
 Maintaining posture
 Stabilizing joint
 Generating heat

Origin : is the point where the muscle is
attached to immovable or less movable
bone.
 Insertion : is the point where the muscle
attached to movable bone.

Prime mover : the muscle that has the major
responsibility for causing a movement.
 Antagonist : the muscle that reverse a
movement.

Naming Skeletal muscles
Direction of the muscle fibers
 Relative size of the muscle
 Location of the muscle
 Number of the origin
 Location of the muscle’s origin and
insertion
 Shape of the muscle
 Action of the muscle

Types of body movements

Flexion &extension:
movement in sagittal plane

Rotation:
It is the movement of a bone around its
long axis
atlas around the dens of axis

Abduction &adduction:
moving the limb away or toward the
midline of the body

Circumduction :
is a combination of
flexion, extension, abduction and
adduction
Special movement
Dosiflexion&planter flexion
 Inversion and eversion
 Supination and pronation
 opposition

Head muscles
Facial Muscles (Frontalis, Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris, Buccinator,Zygomaticus) .
 Chewing Muscle (Buccinator,Masseter,
Temporalis).

Facial muscles

Frontalis :
It raise the eyebrows
It wrinkle the forehead

Orbicularis oculi :
It closes the eyes, blink.

Orbicularis oris:
It closes the mouth

Buccinator :
It flatten the cheek.
Chewing Muscle



Buccinator
Masseter :
It closes the jaw by elevating the mandible
Temporalis:
It is synergist of the masseter in closing the
jaw.
Neck muscles
Sternocleidomastoid : it is a paired muscles
with two headed muscles, one from each
side of the neck.
 platysma

Trunk muscles
Anterior muscles
 Muscles of the abdominal wall
 Posterior muscles


Anterior muscles :
Pectoralis major : a large fan shaped
muscle covering the upper part of the chest.
It adduct and flex the arm.
Intercostal muscles:
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
innermost intercostal

Muscles of the abdominal wall :
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

Posterior muscles :
Trapezius : It is the most superficial
muscles of posterior neck and upper trunk.
It extend the head &antagonist
sternocleidomastoid.
Latissmus Dorsi:
Large, flat muscle pair that cover the lower back.
Extends and adducts the humerus.
Erector spinae:
Deep muscles of the back.It extend the back.

Detoid
Favorite injection
Prime movers of arm abduction.
Muscle of the upper limb

The first group include muscles that arise
from the shoulder girdle and cross the
shoulder joint to insert into the humerus
(pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and
deltoid).

The second group causes movement at the
elbow joint (Biceps
brachii,brachialis,brachioradialis, and
triceps brachii)

The third group causes movement at the
wrist joint (flexor carpi and flexor
digitorum)
(extensor carpi and extensor digitorum)
Muscles of lower limb
Muscles causing movement at the hip joint
 Muscles causing movement at the knee joint
 Muscles causing movement at the ankle and
foot joint


Muscles causing movement at the hip joint
(gluteus maximus,gluteus medius,illiopsoas
,adductor muscles)

Muscles causing movement at the knee joint
(hamstring group,sartorius ,quadriceps
group)

Muscles causing movement at the ankle and
foot joint (tibialis anterior,extensor
digitorum longus,fibularis
muscles,gastrocnemius,soles)
Flexion
 Motion of a joint which
reduces the joint's angle
from its anatomical position.
Extension
 Motion of a joint which
increases the joint's angle
from its anatomical position
Abduction

moving away from the
midline
Adduction

moving toward the midline
Circumduction

Combination of flexion,
abduction, extension, &
adduction
supination
 Motion that rotates the palm
of the hand toward the
anatomical position.
pronation
 Motion that rotates the palm
of the hand away from the
anatomical position.
Lateral (external) rotation
 when the bone rotates
away from the midline
Medial (internal) rotation
 when the bone rotates
towards the midline
Inversion
 Medial movement of the
plantar surface of the foot.
Eversion
 Lateral movement of the
plantar surface of the foot.
Dorsi flexion
 Flexion of the ankle joint
(toes move superiorly from
the anatomical position).
Planter flexion
 Extension of the ankle joint
(toes move inferiorly from
the anatomical position).