Download Vitamin D

 Vitamin
D is a steroid vitamin, a group of
fat-soluble pro-hormones, which encourages
the absorption and metabolism of calcium
and phosphorous.
 It is commonly called a vitamin, it is not
actually an vitamin in the strict sense, as it
can be synthesized in adequate amounts by
most mammals exposed to sunlight.
 Five
forms of vitamin D have been
discovered, vitamin D1, D2, D3, D4, D5. The
two forms that seem to matter to humans
the most are”
 vitamins D2 (ergocalciferol)
 vitamins D3 (cholecalciferol).
 The
nutritional important forms of Vitamin D
in man are calciferol (Vitamin D2) and
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
 Calciferol may be derived by irradiation of
the plant sterol, ergosteril
 Cholecalciferol (performed) Vitamin D is
found in animal fats and fish liver oils. It is
also derived from exposure to UV rays of the
sunlight.
 Vitamin
D for humans is obtained from sun
exposure, food and supplements. It is
biologically inert and has to undergo two
hydroxylation reactions to become active in
the body.
 The active form of vitamin D in the body is
called Calcitriol (1,25Dihydroxycholecalciferol).
 Vitamin
D deficiency leads to rickets and
other boney disorders.
 Bony
abnormalities include:
 bowing of the legs, knock knees, rickety
rosary,
 swelling of the end of the long bones, frontal
bossing and pathological fractures
 poor growth and delayed dentition.
Fatigue
 General muscle pain and weakness
 Muscle cramps
 Joint pain
 Chronic pain
 Weight gain
 High blood pressure
 Restless sleep
 Poor concentration
 Headaches
 Bladder problems
 Constipation or diarrhea

 Babies
with severe vitamin D deficiency can get
muscle spasms (cramps), seizures and breathing
difficulties. These problems are related to
consequent low levels of calcium.
 Children with severe deficiency may have soft skull
or leg bones. Their legs may look curved (bowlegged). They may also complain of bone pains,
often in the legs, and muscle pains or muscle
weakness. This condition is known as rickets.
Poor
growth. Height is usually
affected more than weight.
Affected children might be
reluctant to start walking.
Tooth delay. Children with
vitamin D deficiency may be late
teething as the development of
the milk teeth has been
affected.
 Vitamin
D is used for preventing and treating
rickets, a disease that is caused by not
having enough vitamin D Vitamin D is also
used for treating weak bones (osteoporosis),
bone pain (osteo-malacia), bone loss in
people with a condition called
hyperparathyroidism.
Vitamin
D is used for
conditions of the heart and
blood vessels,
It is also used for diabetes ,
muscle weakness, and joint
diseases
It is also used for boosting
the immune system,
 Rickets
is failure of mineralization of osteoid tissue
or growing bones caused by vitamin D deficiency.
Nutritional rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency
due to inadequate dietary intake and cutaneous
synthesis.
 Vitamin D deficiency results in growth retardation,
muscle weakness, skeletal deformities,
hypocalcaemia, tetany and seizures.
 "Vitamin
E" is the collective name for a group
of fat-soluble compounds with distinctive
antioxidant activities.
 An antioxidant is a substance that reduces
oxidative damage, damage caused by oxygen
which can harm human tissue, cells and
organs.
 Vitamin
E exists in eight different isomers
(forms), four tocopherols and four
tocotrienols:
 Alpha-tocopherol - found in the largest
quantities in human blood and tissues. This is
the only form actively maintained in the
human body.
 Protect
skin from ultraviolet light
 Prevent cell damage from free radicals
 Allow cells to communicate effectively
 Help protect against prostate cancer and
Alzheimer's disease
 In
many research studies, low levels of
vitamin E are associated with digestive
system problems where nutrients are poorly
absorbed from the digestive tract. These
problems include pancreatic disease,
gallbladder disease, liver disease, and celiac
disease.
 What
foods provide vitamin E?
 Excellent
sources of vitamin E include
spinach, turnip greens,
 Very good sources of vitamin E include
sunflower seeds a, almonds, bell peppers,
and asparagus
 Recommended
Dietary Allowance (RDA):
average daily level of intake sufficient to
meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all
(97%–98%) healthy people.
 14+ years
 Males: (22.4 IU)15 mg
 Females :(22.4 IU)15 mg
 Pregnancy and lactation: (28.4 IU) 19
Vitamin
 Vitamin
K: the clotting vitamin
K is a group name for a number of
related compounds. There are 3 basic forms
of vitamin K: K1, K2, and K3, but there are
subtypes as well.
 Each form can serve as an essential nutrient
needed by the liver in order to form proteins
that promote blood clotting and prevent
abnormal bleeding.
 Vitamin
K refers to two naturally occurring
fat-soluble Vitamins:
 Vitamin K1 and vitamin K2.
 Vitamin
 Vitamin
K1 is made by plants.
K2 is typically produced in the large
intestine by bacteria.
 Good
sources of vitamin K2 include:
 Meat
 Eggs
 Dairy
products
 Good sources of vitamin K1 include:
 Spinach
 Cabbage
 Cauliflower
 Unless
the individual has intestinal damage
which undermines their ability to absorb the
vitamin, dietary deficiency is extremely rare.
 In some cases, administering a broad
spectrum antibiotic long-term may reduce
the vitamin-producing bacteria population
 Vitamin
K is necessary for normal blood
clotting and may be needed for other
activities.
 Available scientific evidence does not
support the use of vitamin K supplements for
cancer treatment or prevention.
 Some studies suggest that vitamin K may play
a role in treating osteoporosis