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THE SKELETON
Objectives
To learn and understand
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Functions of the skeleton.
Classification of bones.
Joints and Movement.
Connective Tissue.
Types of Movements at
Joint
Functions of the Skeleton
The skeleton performs many functions in the body.
1.Shape – The skeleton gives us our shape and determines
our size.
2. Support – The skeleton supports muscles and organs.
3. Protection – The skeleton protects delicate parts of the
body like the brain and lungs.
4. Movement – The skeleton allows us to move. Muscles are
attached to the bones and move them as levers.
5. Blood cell production – blood cells are made in the
bone marrow.
Shape and Size
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Your skeleton affects your body shape and size.
Bones play an important part in determining your height
and build. People with long, light bones are usually tall and
thin, whilst people with short, thick bones are likely to be
short and more heavily built.
Some sports are more suited to people of a particular size
or body shape. This means that your skeleton and bone
size can affect your performance in different sports.
Support
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The skeleton acts as a framework.
It gives the body support, enabling us to stand
and walk upright.
The bones of the back and chest support internal
organs and help to keep them in place.
The bones of the body are held together by
ligaments.
The skeleton provides a framework for the
muscles, which are attached to bones by
tendons.
Movement
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Bones work with muscles to produce movement.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
Bones have surfaces that allow for strong
attachment. Tendons fuse with the tough
Periosteum membrane on the outside of the
bone.
Muscle
Tendon
Periosteum
Bone
Protection
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Some of our body parts, such as the brain, are
very delicate and need protection from external
forces.
Bones can protect body parts from impacts and
injuries.
The cranium protects the brain.
It encloses the brain entirely in a shell of bone.
The rib cage protects the delicate organs of the
chest.
Blood Cell Production
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Red and white blood cells
and platelets are made in
the bones.
The ends of long bones
and some other bones
including the ribs,
humerus, femur and
even vertebrae bones,
contain red bone
marrow.
This is where the blood
cells are produced.
Red
marrow
embedded
in spongy
bone
Types of Bones
 There
are 4 types of bone found
within the human body. These are
long, short, flat and irregular.
Long Bones
Long bones include the
femur, humerus, tibia,
fibula, the metatarsals,
metacarpals and
phalanges.
 They are responsible for
a lot of movement and
often act as levers.
 Long bones contain red
bone marrow for
producing blood cells.
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Flat Bones
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Flat bones perform a variety of functions. These
include:
protection for delicate areas, for example, the
cranium protects the brain.
areas for muscle attachment, for example,
many of the muscles of the lower back and legs
attach to the wide flat bone of the pelvis.
They have a large surface area.
Short Bones
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Short bones are very light and very strong.
They are small and squat in shape.
The carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the foot
are examples of short bones.
carpals
tarsals
Irregular bones
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Irregular bones are specially shaped to perform
a particular function.
Examples include the patella and the vertebrae.
Test yourself !
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Patella
Clavicle
Tibia
Humerus
Femur
Ulna
Pelvis
Fibula
Sternum
Cranium
Radius
Ribs
Test Yourself!
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Vertebral Column
Metatarsal
Tarsal
Carpal
Metacarpal
Scapula
Phalanges
Check You Are Right
Cranium (skull)
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Pelvis
Radius
Ulna
Patella
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Check You are right
Scapula
Vertebral column
HAND
Carpals
Metacarpals
FOOT
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Naming bones
Bones and joint
movements
Connective tissues
Connective tissues are vital to the functioning of joints.
There are 3 types of connective tissue:
Tendons connect
muscles to bones.
Ligaments are
tough, elastic
fibres that link
bones to bones.
Cartilage prevents the ends
of bones rubbing together at
joints. Its slippery surface also
helps to lubricate the joint.
Tendons and ligaments
Ligaments are responsible for holding joints
together. They prevent bones moving out of
position during the stresses of physical activity.
If they are pulled or twisted too far by extreme
physical movements, ligaments can tear and
the joint may dislocate.
Tendons anchor muscles to bones, allowing the muscles
to move the skeleton. Tendons are not very elastic –
if they were, then the force produced by muscles
would be absorbed instead of creating movement.
Tendons can also be torn if subjected to too much force.
Ligaments and tendons are strengthened by training.
Joints
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A joint is a place where
two or more bones meet.
Without joints, our bodies
would not be able to move.
Joints, along with the
skeleton and muscular
system, are responsible for
the huge range of
movement that the
human body can produce.
There are several
different types of joint,
each producing different
types and amounts of
movement.
Types of Joint
There are 3 different types of joint:
1. Immovable (or
fixed) joints
2. Slightly movable
joints
3. Movable (or synovial)
joints
Different types of joint
Ball and Socket Joint
In ball and socket joints, the
rounded end of one bone fits inside a
cup-shaped ending on another bone.
Ball and socket joints allow movement
in all directions and also rotation.
The most mobile joints in the body are
ball and socket joints.
Hip
Examples: Shoulders and hips.
During the butterfly stroke, the
ball and socket joint of the
shoulder allows the swimmer’s
arm to rotate.
Pivot Joint
Pivot joints have a ring of bone that
fits over a bone protrusion, around
which it can rotate.
These joints only allow rotation.
Atlas
Examples: The joint between the
atlas and axis in the neck which
allows you to shake your head.
Axis
You might head a football using the pivot
joint in your neck, which allows your head to
rotate.
Saddle Joint
In saddle joints, the ends of the two
bones fit together in a special way,
allowing movement forwards and
backwards and left to right, but not
rotation.
Examples: The thumb is the only one.
The saddle joint allows the
thumb to curl around a canoe
paddle to give a firm grip.
Hinge Joints
Hinge joints – as their name
suggests – only allow forwards
and backwards movement.
Elbow
Examples: The knee and elbow.
The hinge joint at the knee allows the leg to
flex and extend, for example when a hurdler
extends their trail leg at take-off and then
flexes it as they clear the hurdle.
Condyloid Joints
Condyloid joints have an oval-shaped
bone end which fits into a
correspondingly shaped bone end.
They allow forwards, backwards,
left and right movement, but not
rotation.
Examples: between the
metacarpals and phalanges in the hand.
Condyloid joints are vital in
tennis, badminton ,golf,
hockey, cricket or any sport
with an handheld implement !
Gliding Joints
Gliding joints have two flat faces
of bone that slide over one another.
They allow a tiny bit of movement
in all directions.
Examples: between the tarsals in the ankle.
Types of synovial joints
TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT JOINTS
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Joints allow us to move in different ways-
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Abduction- movement of a bone or limb away
from the body.
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Adduction – movement of limb or bone towards
the body.
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Extension – when angle is increased between
two bones i.e. straightening of leg at knee.
Flexion – opposite of extension i.e. decreasing
angle – bend at knee.
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Rotation- where a bone can move round freely
in a curve i.e. arm at shoulder.
Joint movement
Joints enable us to make an extremely wide range of
movements under our conscious control.
The different types of joints allow us to move in many
different ways and to perform many different actions.
Consider this dancer.
The hinge joints at her
elbows and her right knee
are extended.
Her left knee is flexed.
There is abduction at her
shoulders and right hip.
The spine shows extension
as the head moves back.
Sporting movement
Joints in action