Download Connective Tissue

Introduction to
Human
Anatomy & Physiology
de Gruiter
Overview of Anatomy

Anatomy: the
study of the
structure and
shape of the body
and body parts and
their relationship to
one another
Overview of Physiology

Physiology:
The study of
how the body
and its parts
work or function
Relationship
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What is relationship between the terms
anatomy and physiology?
The parts of your body form a well-organized
unit and each of those parts has a job to do
to make the body operate as a whole.
Levels of Structural Organization

Simplest level –
chemical level
–
–
Atoms, tiny building blocks
of matter, combine to form
molecules such as water,
sugar, and proteins
Molecules then associate
to form cells
Organ System Overview
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Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
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Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Integumentary System

The external covering
of the body or the skin
Skeletal System

Consists of bones,
cartilages, ligaments,
and joints
Muscular System

The skeletal muscles,
those responsible for
the movement of the
body, form the
muscular system
Nervous System
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The body’s fast-acting
control system
Consists of the brain,
spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptors.
Endocrine System
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Controls the body activities,
but much more slowly than
the nervous system
Endocrine glands produce
hormones and release them
into the blood to travel to
distant target organs.
Cardiovascular System

Consists of the heart
and blood vessels
Lymphatic System
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Consists of the
lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, and other
organs like the spleen
and tonsils
Helps defend the body
against diseasecausing agents
Respiratory System

Keeps the body
constantly supplied with
oxygen and to remove
carbon dioxide
Digestive System

Responsible for
breaking down food
and delivering the
products to the blood
for dispersal to the
body cells.
Urinary System

Removes the
nitrogenous-containing
wastes from the blood
and flushes them from
the body in urine.
The Language of Anatomy
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Anatomical Position
Movement
Body Cavities
Directional Terms
Regional Terms
Body Planes
Anatomical Position

Body is erect with the
feet parallel and the
arms hanging at the
sides with the palms
facing forward.
Movement
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Abduction
Adduction
Antagonistic
Eversion
Inversion
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Circumduction
Supination
Pronation
Rotation
Extension
Flexion
Types of Body Movements
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Abduction: moving
a limb away from the
midline
Adduction: moving
a limb towards the
body midline
Types of Body Movements
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Supination: moving
the palm from a
posterior position to an
anterior position
(anatomical position)
Pronation: moving the
palm of the hand from
an anterior, position to
a posterior position.
Types of Body Movements
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Flexion: decreases the
angle of the joint and
brings two bones closer
together
Extension: movement
increases the angle of the
joint and increases the
distance between two
bones.
Types of Body Movements
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Rotation: movement of bone around
longitudinal axis; shaking head “no”
Types of Body Movements
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Circumduction:
proximal end of the
limb is stationary,
and its distal end
moves in a circle
Types of Muscles – Related to
Movement
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Antagonist: muscles that oppose or reverse
a movement of the prime mover.
Types of Body Movements
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Inversion: turning
the sole of the foot
so that it faces
medially
Eversion: turning
the sole of the foot
laterally
Directional Terms
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Directional terms are used to describe the
directional relationship of one body structure
to another
Table 1.1, page 12
Terms: Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior,
Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal, Superficial,
Deep
Body Planes
Body Planes
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Sagittal Plane:
separates the body
longitudinally into right
and left parts
Body Planes
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Frontal Plane:
separates the body on
a longitudinal plane into
anterior and posterior
parts (front and back)
Body Planes

Transverse Plane:
separates the body
horizontally into
superior and inferior
parts
Body Cavities
•Figure 1.7,
page 15
Regional Terms
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Anterior Body Landmarks
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Nasal, Oral, Cervical, Thoracic, Abdominal,
Umbilical, Pubic, Patellar, Orbital, Sternal,
Axillary, Brachial, Carpal, Digital, Inguinal,
Femoral, Tarsal
Fig. 1.5a, page 13
•Nasal
•Oral
•Cervical
•Thoracic
•Abdominal
•Umbilical
•Pubic
•Patellar
•Orbital
• Sternal
•Axillary
•Brachial
•Carpal
•Digital
•Inguinal
•Femoral
•Tarsal
Regional Terms
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Posterior Body Landmarks
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Cephalic, Occipital, Deltoid, Scapular, Vertebral,
Lumbar, Gluteal
Fig 1.5b, page 13
•Cephalic
• Occipital
•Deltoid
•Scapular
•Vertebral
•Lumbar
•Gluteal
Tissues
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Groups of cells
that are similar in
structure
4 Types of Body Tissue
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Epithelial
Nervous
Connective
Muscle
Epithelial Tissue
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Lines body organs,
covers the body surface,
and found in glandular
tissue
Fits closely together
Lower surface rests on a
basement membrane
Lacks blood vessels
Divide rapidly, quick
healing
Epithelial Classified by Layers
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Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Simple Epithelial
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One layer of cells
Stratified Epithelial
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More than one
cell layer
Pseudostratified Epithelial
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Looks layered but is not
Has cilia at its surfaces
Epithelial Classification by Shape
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Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional
Squamous Epithelial
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Flattened like fish
scales or tiles on a floor
Broad and thin nuclei
Cuboidal Epithelial
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Cube shaped like dice
Centrally located
nucleus
Columnar Epithelial
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Column shaped
Nucleus is near the
basement membrane
Transitional Epithelial
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Change shape
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Vary in appearance at the free surface, so that
when the organ is contracted it is thinner than
when the wall is stretched.
Found in urinary bladder
Epithelial Examples
Simple Squamous
 single layer of thin
flattened cells
 Common site of
diffusion and filtration
 Line air sacs (alveoli),
walls of blood vessels
Epithelial Examples
Simple Cuboidal
 single layer of cubeshaped cells
 Secretion and
absorption
 Found in ovaries,
kidney tubules, and
ducts of glands
Epithelial Examples
Simple Columnar
 single layer of
elongated cells
 Specialize in
absorption
 Line the uterus and
portions of the
digestive tract from
the stomach to the
anus
Epithelial Examples
Pseudostratified Columnar
 All cells have contact with
basement membrane, but
resembles layers
 Cilia at surface
 Found in nasal cavity, trachea,
and bronchi
Epithelial Examples
Stratified squamous epithelium
 Occurs in areas of severe stress
–
Lining of mouth, esophagus, tongue, surface of skin
Connective Tissue
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The most abundant
type of tissue in the
body by weight
Well vascularized
Can vary from fluid
to solid
Connective Tissue Functions
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Bind structures
Provide support and protection
Fill spaces
Store fat
Produce blood cells
Protect against infection
Help repair tissue damage
Connective Tissue Types
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Loose Connective Tissue
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Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense Connective Tissue
Bone – Connective Tissue
Blood – Connective Tissue
Cartilage – Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
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Fibers loosely arranged
Three Types
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Areolar
Reticular
Adipose
Areolar – Loose Connective Tissue
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Most abundant connective tissue
Found beneath all epithelial tissues where its
blood vessels nourish the epithelial cells
Binds skin to underlying tissues and fills
space between muscles
Reticular- Loose Connective Tissue
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Supports the walls of
certain internal organs
(Liver, Spleen)
Adipose – Loose Connective Tissue
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Forms subcutaneous tissue
beneath the skin
Cushions joints and some
organs
Provides insulation and fuel
Dense Connective Tissue
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Made of strong,
collagenous fibers
Found in tendons,
ligaments, white portion
of the eye, and deep
skin layers
Bone
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The most rigid connective tissue
Involved in protection and support
Blood
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Transports substances
and helps maintain a
stable internal system.
Composed of
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Plasma
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Cartilage
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Made of collagen and
elastic fibers embedded in
a firm gel substance
Lacks direct blood supply
and slow to heal
Support, frameworks,
attachments, protects
underlying tissues
Three main types:
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Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Nervous Tissue
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Found in the brain,
spinal cord, and
peripheral nerves
Receive and send
information
Muscle Tissue
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Very cellular, highly vascularized (lots of
blood vessels), innervated (have nerves)
Three Main Types
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Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Attached to bones and
skin to provide
voluntary movement
Contraction generates
heat
multi-nucleated with
striations
Cardiac Muscle
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Found in walls of
heart
Smaller, branching
cells
One or two nuclei,
Striated
Involuntary Control
Intercalated disks –
where cardiac
muscle cells connect
end to end
Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Small, cigar shaped (tapered at
ends) cells
Uni-nucleated, no striations
Found in walls of
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Digestive tract
Arteries and veins to control
blood flow and blood pressure
Ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra to control movement of
urine
Muscles of eye to control pupil
size