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The Skeletal System
Chapter 5
Long-Bone Structure
• Compact bone
• Spongy bone
• Central cavity
contains yellow
marrow
Compact-Bone Structure
• Mature compact bone consists of many
cylindrical Haversian systems
Long-Bone Development
• Cartilage “model” provides a template
• Growth occurs at the bone ends
(epiphyses)
• Epiphysis is separated from the bone
shaft by a plate of cartilage
• Plates are replaced by bone when
growth ends
Bone Remodeling
• In adults, bone building and bone
breakdown continue constantly
• Osteoblasts deposit bone
• Osteoclasts secrete enzymes that
degrade it
• Remodeling adjusts bone strength and
helps maintain blood calcium levels
Bone Density
• Exercise can increase bone density
• Osteoporosis is a decrease in bone
density
– May occur when the action of osteoclasts
outpaces that of osteoblasts
– May also occur as a result of inability to
absorb calcium
Functions of Bone
• Interacts with muscle to enable
movement
• Supports and anchors muscles
• Encloses and protects internal
organs
• Stores calcium and phosphorus
• Produces blood cells
The Skeleton
Appendicular
Axial
• Pectoral girdle
• Skull
• Arm, hand
bones
• 12 pairs of ribs
• Pelvic girdle
• 26 vertebrae
• Leg, foot bones
• Intervertebral
disks
• Sternum
Human Skeleton
clavicle
scapula
humerus
radius
sternum
rib
vertebral
column
ulna
s
pelvic girdle
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
Skull and Facial Bones
parietal bone
frontal
bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone
temporal
bone
lacrimal bone
zygomatic bone
maxilla
occipital bone
external auditory meatus
mandible
Sinuses
frontal sinus
ethmoid sinus
sphenoid sinus
maxillary sinus
Vertebral
Column
cervical
vertebrae
(7)
thoracic
vertebrae
(12)
lumbar
vertebrae
(5)
sacrum
(5 fused)
coccyx
(4 fused)
intervertebral
disks
Bone Marrow
• Yellow marrow
– Fills the cavities of adult long bones
– Is largely fat
• Red marrow
– Occurs in spongy bone of some
bones
– Produces blood cells
Ribs and Sternum
• 12 pairs of ribs
• Attach to vertebral column and sternum
• Function as a scaffold for the body
cavity of the upper torso
Pectoral Girdle & Upper Limbs
• Shoulder blade (scapula
• Collarbone (clavicle)
• Humerus fits into scapula and connects
with radius and ulna of lower arm
• 8 carpal bones in wrist
• 5 metacarpals end at knuckles
• Phalanges are bones of fingers
Pelvic Girdle
• Coxal bones attach to the lower spine
(sacrum) in back, meet at pubic arch in
front
• Combined structure is the pelvis
• Pelvis is broader in females than males
Lower Limbs
• Femur, or thighbone, is largest bone in
body
• Lower leg - thick tibia and slender fibula
• Patella protects knee joint
• Tarsal bones make up ankle and heel
• Metatarsals are long bones of feet
• Toes contain phalanges
Joints
• Areas of contact or near contact
between bones
• Fibrous joints
– Short connecting fibers join bones
• Synovial joints
– Move freely; ligaments connect bones
• Cartilaginous joints
– Straps of cartilage enable slight movement
Movement at Joints
• Flexion and extension
• Circumduction and rotation
• Abduction and adduction
• Supination and pronation
Diseases and Disorders
• Arthritis
• Tendonitis
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Strains, sprains, dislocations
• Fractures
– Simple, complete, compound