Download Skeletal and Muscular System

Unit Two
Skeletal & Muscular
Systems
Lisa Michelek
Locomotion
• The interaction of muscles with the skeleton that
results in body movement is known as locomotion.
• Locomotion increases the chances for survival of an
organism by allowing the organism to gather food,
seek shelter, and escape dangerous situations.
• Locomotion also increases the chances for survival
of a species by enabling members of the species to
find suitable mates.
• Human locomotion involves the interaction of joints
and tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscles,
tendons and ligaments.
Bones
• Bone is a type of connective tissue.
• The hardness of the bone is due to the
presence of calcium and phosphorus
minerals.
• Bones make up the major part of the
framework of the human skeleton and come
in many shapes and sizes.
• Bones support and protect body organs.
• Bones also provide a place for muscle
attachment.
Bones
• The bones of your legs and arms are called long
bones.
• The ends are covered with cartilage
and are capable of growth.
• Living bones contain
living blood, fat,
and bone cells.
• Red and white blood
cells are produced in
the inner tissue,
marrow, of bones.
Human Skeleton
• The human skeleton acts as a
framework for supporting other
organs of the body.
• It also protects internal organs
and allows body movement.
• The human skeleton has
206 bones.
• It is composed of a skull, vertebral
column (spinal column),
breastbone and ribs, and limbs
(arms and legs).
Cartilage
• The fibrous, flexible, elastic connective tissue
found in the human skeleton is cartilage.
• In the human embryo, the skeleton is made
up mostly of cartilage.
• By adulthood, most of the cartilage has been
replaced by bone.
• In the adult, cartilage is found in the nose,
ears, and trachea, at the ends of ribs and
other bones and between the vertebrae.
Cartilage
• At the ends of bones,
cartilage provides
flexibility.
• Between bones,
cartilage provides
cushioning.
• In the ears, nose, and
trachea, cartilage
provides flexible, rather
than rigid support.
Joints
• Bones are connected at places called joints.
• Most joints allow bone movement.
• Ball and socket joints are located at the hip
and shoulder.
– They permit circular movement.
Joints
• Hinge joints are located at the elbows and
knees.
– They allow a back and forth movement.
– Hinge joints do not permit as much movement as
ball and socket joints.
Joints
• Pivot joints are found where the skull
joins the vertebral column and in the
forearm where twisting action occurs.
– Pivot joints permit a rotating movement.
Joints
• The wrist and ankle have gliding joints that allow
a sliding action.
• Fused joints are not movable and are located in
the skull.
• Fluids in joints help keep joints cushioned and
lubricated.
Skeletal System Overview
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RW46r
QKWa-g
Muscles
• The human body contains
three kinds of muscle tissue:
– Skeletal muscle
– Smooth muscle
– And cardiac muscle
• Muscles produce body movement by pulling
on bones when they contract.
• Muscles also produce body heat when they
contract.
• Muscles can be voluntary or involuntary.
Involuntary Muscles
• Involuntary muscles are responsible
for involuntary body activities such as
heart contractions and peristalsis.
• You cannot control the actions of
involuntary muscles.
• Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
are examples of involuntary muscles.
Involuntary Muscles
• Smooth muscle is found in
the walls of arteries and
organs of the body.
– Contraction of smooth
muscle is controlled by
the nervous system.
• Cardiac muscle, found in
the walls of the heart,
causes the heart to beat.
Voluntary Muscles
• Voluntary muscles attach to the
skeleton and can be controlled for
locomotion.
• Skeletal (striated)
muscle is a type of
voluntary muscle.
• Striated muscles are attached to the
bones of the skeleton.
• The bones and body parts are moved
by the contraction of these muscles.
Muscle Action
• Nerves direct impulses to muscles causing
them to contract.
• The energy needed for the muscle to
contract comes from energy stored in
chemicals such as glycogen.
• Muscle cells will continue to operate even if
they do not receive sufficient oxygen.
• When the muscle does not receive enough
oxygen to carry on aerobic respiration, the
muscle cells change to anaerobic respiration.
Muscle Action
• During anaerobic respiration the muscle cells
produce lactic acid.
• Lactic acid causes muscles to hurt.
• This condition is known as muscle fatigue.
• Rest after exercise supplies oxygen to fatigued
muscle cells.
• During this rest-recovery period, the lactic acid is
removed and energy-storing compounds are built up
again.
• If a person does not rest after muscle fatigue,
permanent injury to the muscle can occur.
Tendons and Ligaments
• Tendons and ligaments are both
composed of connective tissue.
• Tendons are bands of dense
tissue that connect muscles to
bones.
• Ligaments are tough bands of
tissue that hold bones together
at joints.
Muscular System Overview
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqy0i1K
XUO4
Muscle-Bone Disorders
• Fractures are broken bones.
– Fractures are caused by a sudden
injury that exerts more force on the
bone than it can support.
– The common symptom of a
fracture is swelling and tenderness
at the place of the fracture.
– Pain is often severe and is usually
made worse by any movement of
the area.
– Anyone suffering a suspected or
known fracture should be taken to
a hospital.
Muscle-Bone Disorders
• Sprains
– A tearing or stretching of the
ligaments that hold together the
bone end in a joint is called a
sprain.
– Sprains are caused by a sudden
pull or twist.
– Because a sprain and a fracture
have similar symptoms, the sprain
should be x-rayed to be sure that it
is not a fracture.
Muscle-Bone Disorders
• Hernias
– In a hernia an organ or tissue sticks out
through a weak area in the muscle or other
tissue that usually contains it such as the
abdominal wall.
– The cause is usually a
weakness in the wall.
– The first symptom is a
bulge in the wall.
Muscle-Bone Disorders
• Arthritis
– An inflammation of the joints is called arthritis.
– Arthritis causes stiffness, swelling, soreness, or
pain.
– Sometimes the joints
stiffen in a deformed
position.
– Cortisone and other
medications are used
on the treatment of
arthritis.
Muscle-Bone Disorders
• Tendonitis
– is an inflammation of a tendon, usually at the
bone junction.
– Usually pain is felt in the wrist or ankle after
extensive use such as running or even using
a computer.
Muscle-Bone Disorders
• Tennis Elbow
-overuse of arm (usually dominant)
-caused by abrupt or subtle injury of the
muscle and tendon on outside of elbow
-also called: lateral epicondylitis
-causes burning/stinging pain which
radiates down the arm
-cortisone injections and specific exercise
usually relieve symptoms
Other Muscle-Bone Disorders
Scoliosis
Osteoporosis
Other Muscle-Bone Disorders
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/osteoporosis/basics/definition/c
on-20019924
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/scoliosis/basics/definition/con20030140