Download Human Locomotion

Human Locomotion
© Lisa Michalek
Locomotion




The interaction of muscles with the skeleton that
results in body movement is known as
locomotion.
Locomotion increases the chances for survival of an
organism by allowing the organism to gather food,
seek shelter, and escape dangerous situations.
Locomotion also increases the chances for survival
of a species by enabling members of the species to
find suitable mates.
Human locomotion involves the interaction of joints
and tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscles,
tendons and ligaments.
Bones
Bone is a type of connective tissue.
 The hardness of the bone is due to the
presence of calcium and phosphorus
minerals.
 Bones make up the major part of the
framework of the human skeleton and come
in many shapes and sizes.
 Bones support and protect body organs.
 Bones also provide a place for muscle
attachment.

Bones
The bones of your legs and arms are called
long bones.
 The ends are covered with cartilage
and are capable of growth.
 Living bones contain
living blood, fat,
and bone cells.
 Red and white blood
cells are produced in
the inner tissue,
marrow, of bones.

Human Skeleton




The human skeleton acts as a
framework for supporting
other organs of the body.
It also protects internal
organs and allows body
movement.
The human skeleton has
206 bones.
It is composed of a skull,
vertebral column (spinal
column), breastbone and ribs,
and limbs (arms and legs).
Cartilage
The fibrous, flexible, elastic connective tissue
found in the human skeleton is cartilage.
 In the human embryo, the skeleton is made
up mostly of cartilage.
 By adulthood, most of the cartilage has been
replaced by bone.
 In the adult, cartilage is found in the nose,
ears, and trachea, at the ends of ribs and
other bones and between the vertebrae.

Cartilage
At the ends of bones,
cartilage provides
flexibility.
 Between bones,
cartilage provides
cushioning.
 In the ears, nose, and
trachea, cartilage
provides flexible, rather
than rigid support.

Joints
Bones are connected at places called joints.
 Most joints allow bone movement.
 Ball and socket joints are located at the
hip and shoulder.


They permit circular movement.
Joints

Hinge joints are located at the elbows and
knees.


They allow a back and forth movement.
Hinge joints do not permit as much movement as
ball and socket joints.
Joints

Pivot joints are found where the skull
joins the vertebral column.

Pivot joints permit a rotating movement.
Joints

The wrist and ankle have gliding joints
that allow a sliding action.
Fused joints are not movable and are
located in the skull.
 Fluids in joints help keep joints cushioned
and lubricated.

Muscles

The human body contains
three kinds of muscle tissue:



Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
And cardiac muscle
Muscles produce body movement by pulling
on bones when they contract.
 Muscles also produce body heat when they
contract.
 Muscles can be voluntary or involuntary.

Involuntary Muscles
 Involuntary
muscles are
responsible for involuntary body
activities such as heart contractions
and peristalsis.
 You cannot control the actions of
involuntary muscles.
 Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
are examples of involuntary muscles.
Involuntary Muscles

Smooth muscle is found in
the walls of arteries and
organs of the body.


Contraction of smooth
muscle is controlled by
the nervous system.
Cardiac muscle, found in
the walls of the heart,
causes the heart to beat.
Voluntary Muscles
Voluntary muscles attach to
the skeleton and can be
controlled for locomotion.
 Skeletal (striated)
muscle is a type of
voluntary muscle.
 Striated muscles are attached to
the bones of the skeleton.
 The bones and body parts are
moved by the contraction of
these muscles.

Muscle Action
Nerves direct impulses to muscles causing
them to contract.
 The energy needed for the muscle to
contract comes from energy stored in
chemicals such as glycogen.
 Muscle cells will continue to operate even if
they do not receive sufficient oxygen.
 When the muscle does not receive enough
oxygen to carry on aerobic respiration, the
muscle cells change to anaerobic respiration.

Muscle Action
During anaerobic respiration the muscle cells
produce lactic acid.
 Lactic acid causes muscles to hurt.
 This condition is known as muscle fatigue.
 Rest after exercise supplies oxygen to
fatigued muscle cells.
 During this rest-recovery period, the lactic
acid is removed and energy-storing
compounds are built up again.
 If a person does not rest after muscle fatigue,
permanent injury to the muscle can occur.

Tendons and Ligaments

Tendons and ligaments are both
composed of connective tissue.

Tendons are bands of dense
tissue that connect muscles to
bones.

Ligaments are tough bands of
tissue that hold bones together
at joints.
Muscle-Bone Disorders

Fractures are broken bones.




Fractures are caused by a sudden
injury that exerts more force on
the bone than it can support.
The common symptom of a
fracture is swelling and
tenderness at the place of the
fracture.
Pain is often severe and is usually
made worse by any movement of
the area.
Anyone suffering a suspected or
known fracture should be taken to
a hospital.
Muscle-Bone Disorders

Sprains
 A tearing or stretching of the
ligaments that hold together
the bone end in a joint is
called a sprain.
 Sprains are caused by a
sudden pull or twist.
 Because a sprain and a
fracture have similar
symptoms, the sprain should
be x-rayed to be sure that it is
not a fracture.
Muscle-Bone Disorders

Hernias



In a hernia an organ or tissue sticks out
through a weak area in the muscle or other
tissue that usually contains it such as the
abdominal wall.
The cause is usually a
weakness in the wall.
The first symptom is a
bulge in the wall.
Muscle-Bone Disorders

Arthritis




An inflammation of the joints is called arthritis.
Arthritis causes stiffness, swelling, soreness, or
pain.
Sometimes the joints
stiffen in a deformed
position.
Cortisone and other
medications are used
in the treatment of
arthritis.
Muscle-Bone Disorders

Tendonitis


is an inflammation of a tendon, usually at the
bone junction.
Usually pain is felt in the wrist or ankle after
extensive use such as running or even using a
computer.
Other Muscle-Bone Disorders
Scoliosis
Osteoporosis