Download Chapter 3 & 4

Chapter 4
Points to Remember
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Normal end feel can be described as bony, soft tissue
stretch, or soft tissue approximation
Abnormal end feel can be described as bony, boggy,
empty, springy block, or muscle spasm
Types of arthrokinematic motion and roll, glide or spin.
According to the concave - convex rule, concave joint
surface move in the same direction as the joint or body
segment’s motion, while convex surfaces move in the
opposite direction as the joint in motion
When a joint is congruent , it is in the close-packed
(tight) position. When the joint is incongruent, it is in the
open-packed (loose) position.
Osteokinematic Motion
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End Feel: a subjective assesment of a quality of the feel
when slight pressure is applied at the end of the joint
Normal bony end feel is characterized by a hard & abrupt
limit to passive joint motion
Normal soft tissue stretch : a firm sensation that has slight
give when the joint is taken to end ROM
Soft tissue approximation: when muscle bulk is compressed
giving a soft end feel
Abnormal Boney feel – a sudden hard stop usually felt well
before the end of normal ROM
Muscle Spasm – reflexive muscle guarding motion
Empty end feel – movement produces considerable pain
Springy Block - a rebounf movement is felt at the end of the
ROM
Accessory Motion Terminology
Component Movement – are motions
that accompany active motion but are
under voluntary control
 Joint Play Movements – passive
movements between joint surface done
by passing applying external force
 Joint Mobilization – a passive oscillatory
motion or
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Convex- Concave Rule
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Important: knowing that a joint surface is concave or
convex is important because shape determines
motion
Concave-Convex Rule: describes how the
differences in shape of bone ends require joint
surfaces to move in a specific way during joint
movement
 A concave joint surface will move on a fixed
convex surface in the same direction the body
segment is moving
The Concave joints surface moves in the same
direction as the body segment motion
The Convex joint surface moves in the opposite
direction as the body segment motion
Accessory Motion
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Traction – occurs when external force exerted
on a joint, causing the joint surface to pull
apart
Approximation – occurs when external force is
extended on a joint, causing the joint surface
to be pushed close together
Shear – occurs when panedel to the surface,
shear force results in a glide motion at the joint
Bending – occurs when an other- than –
vertical force is applied, resulting in
compression of the concave side and
distraction on the convex side
Types of Arthrokinematic Motion
Roll: rolling of one joint surface to
another
 Glide/ Slide: linear movements of the
joint surface to other joints
 Spin: Rotation of a moveable joint
surface on a fixed curve
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Chapter 3
Types of Joints
– a connection between 2 bones
to allow motion
 Joint
Types of Joints
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Fibrous Joint – has a thin layer of fibrous
periosteum between the 2 bones, such as in the
suture of the skull
 Synarthrosis: the ends of the bones are shaped
to allow them to interlock. This joint has no
motion between the bones, the purpose is to
provide shape and strength
 Syndesmosis/Ligaments: ligaments intercross
membranes holding the joints together. Twisting
or stretching movement
 Gomphosis: “ bolting together” joint occurs
between a tooth and wall of its dental socket in
the mandible maxilla
Types of Joints
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Cartilaginous Joint/ Amphiarthrodial :
Small amount of motion such as
bonding or twisting, and some
compression
Types of Joints
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Synovial Joint/ Diarthrodial
 allow free motion
 not as stable
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Joints:
 Nonaxial: glides; “Plane”
 Uniaxial Joint: 1 plane around 1 axis; “Hinge” or “Pivot”
 Biaxial Joint : 2 different directions for 1 joint; “Condyloid” or “Saddle”
 Trixial Joint : occurs in 3 axes; “Ball and Socket”
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Shapes of Joints
 Pivot Joint: pivot motion is a transverse plane around the longitudinal
axis
 Condyloid Joint: bidirectional motion
 Saddle Joint : fits together like a horseback rider on a saddle
Types of Joints
# of Axes
Shape of Joint
Joint Motion
Nonaxial
Plane (Irregular)
Gliding
Uniaxial
Hinge
Flexion/Extension
Pivot
Rotation
Condyloid (Ellipsoidal)
Flexion, Extension,
Abduction, Adduction
Saddle
Flexion, Extension,
Abduction, Adduction,
Rotation (Accessory)
Ball and Socket
Flexion, Extension,
Abduction, Adduction,
Rotation
Biaxial
Triaxial (multiaxial)
Degrees of Freedom
Uniaxial jt has motion around 1 axis and
in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom
 Biaxial jt = 2 degrees of freedom
 Triaxial jt = 3 degrees of freedom
 3 degrees of freedom is the max # an
individual jt can have
 How many degrees of freedom does the
arm have?
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Planes and Axes
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Planes of action – fixed lines of reference along which the
body is divided
Sagital Line - passes through the body into the right and left
parts
Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane) – Passes through the body
from side to side and divides the body from side to side and
divides the body into front and back parts
Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane) – Passes through the
body horizontally and divides the body into equal parts
Cardinal Plane – whenever a plane passes through the body
horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts
Center of Gravity – the point where the three cardinal planes
intersect each other
Sagital Axis – a point that runs through a joint from side to
side
Vertical Axis (Longitudinal Axis) – runs through a joint from
top to bottom
Joint Structure
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Bones – articulate the amount and direction of motion
Ligaments – connective tissue to help control joint
motion
Capsule – protects joints and bone surfaces
Synovial Membrane- a vascular connective tissue that
secretes synovial fluid
Synovial Fluid – a thick, clear fluid, that lubricants the
articular cartilage
Articular Cartilage – covers the ends of opposing
bones. Provides blood.
Fibrocartilage – Shock absorber weight banning joints
like knee
Elastic Cartilage – Help maintain a structure's shape
Tendon – connect muscle to bone
Bursae - padlike sacs in joints
Levers
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Limbs are like machines
The action of a muscle pulling on a bone often
works like a type of simple machine called a
LEVER.
1st CLASS LEVER: the weight and force are
on the opposite sides of the fulcrum/axis (the
fulcrum/axis is the middle)
2nd CLASS LEVER: the load/weight is
between the fulcrum and the force (the
load/weight is in the middle)
3rd CLASS LEVER: the force in between the
fulcrum and the load (the force is in the
middle)
Common Pathological Terms
Dislocation: Complete separation of the 2 articular
surface of a joint
 Subluxation: Partial dislocation of a joint, usually
occurs over a period of time (degenerative
arthritis)
 Osteoarthritis: type of arthritis that is caused by the
breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of
one of the most joints
 Sprains: partial or complete tearing of the ligament
fibers
 Strain: overstretching the muscle fibers as with
sprains and strains
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Common Pathological Terms
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Tendonitis – is an inflammation of the
tendon
Synovities – is an inflammation of the
synovial membrane
Tendosynovitis- an inflammation of the
tendon sheath and is often caused by
repetitive use
Bursitis – an inflammation of the bursa
Capsulitis – and inflammation of the joint
capsule
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Did you know turtles can breathe
through their butts?(: