Download Joints - SCHOOLinSITES

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky
Joints and
Skeletal
Articulations
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
William A. Simmons
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5
Joints (Articulations) - know
 Articulation – site where two or more bones
meet
 Functions of joints
 Give the skeleton mobility
 Hold the skeleton together
 Joints are a weak part of the skeleton and are
often injured
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Joints: Structural - know

Structural classification focuses on the material
binding bones together and whether or not a joint
cavity is present

The three structural classifications are:
1. Fibrous (cranial bones)
2. Cartilaginous (ribs – sternum)
3. Synovial (knee)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Joints: Functional - know

Functional classification is based on the amount of
movement allowed by the joint

The three functional classes of joints are:
1. Synarthroses – immovable (cranial bones)
2. Amphiarthroses – slightly movable (vertebrae)
3. Diarthroses – freely movable (knee)
We will discuss joints based on structural classification:
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. Fibrous Joints (structural classification) - know
 The bones are joined by fibrous tissues
 There is no joint cavity
 Most are immovable
There are three types – sutures, syndesmoses,
and gomphoses
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
a. Fibrous Joints: Sutures - know
 Occur between the bones of the skull
 *Comprised of interlocking junctions completely
filled with connective tissue fibers*
 Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth
during youth
 Skull bones fuse and are called synostoses
 Begins as early as age 10-15, generally complete by
age 30-50
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures - example
Figure 8.1a
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
b. Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses - know
 *Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue
ligament*
 Movement varies from immovable to slightly
variable
 Examples include the connection between the
tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses - example
Figure 8.1b
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
c. Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses - know
 The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a
tooth and its alveolar socket
 The fibrous connection is the periodontal
ligament
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. Cartilaginous Joints (structural classification) - know
 Articulating bones are united by cartilage
 *Lack a joint cavity*
 Two types – synchondroses and
symphyses
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
a. Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses - understand
 A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the
bones
 All synchondroses are synarthrotic
(immovable)
 Examples include:
 Epiphyseal plates of children
 Joint between the costal cartilage of the 1st rib
and the sternum
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses - example
Figure 8.2a, b
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
b. Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses - understand
 Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating
surface of the bone and is fused to an
intervening pad of fibrocartilage
 Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable) joints
designed for strength and flexibility
 Examples include intervertebral joints and
the pubic symphysis of the pelvis
(expansion in female for childbirth)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses - example
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. Synovial Joints (structural classification) - know
 Most common
 *Those joints in which the articulating
bones are separated by a fluid-containing
joint cavity*
 All are diarthroses (freely movable)
 Examples – all limb joints, and most joints
of the body (regardless of size!)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synovial Joints: General Structure - understand
All synovial joints have:
 Articular cartilage
 Joint (synovial) cavity
 Articular capsule
 Synovial fluid
 Reinforcing ligaments
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synovial Joints: General Structure - example
Cadaver dissection
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures - know
These friction-reducing structures are found in
synovial joints and are common where
ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or
bones rub together:
1. Bursae – flattened, fibrous sacs lined with
synovial membranes and containing synovial
fluid
2. Tendon sheath – elongated bursa that wraps
completely around a tendon
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures –
understand complexity
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synovial Joints: Stability - understand
Stability is determined by:
 Articular surfaces – shape determines what
movements are possible
 Ligaments – unite bones and prevent excessive or
undesirable motion
 Muscle tone
 Tendons of muscles cross the joint and help stabilize
it
 The tendons are kept tight by muscle tone
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synovial Joints: Movement - know
The two muscle attachments across a joint are:
 Origin – attachment to the immovable
bone
 Insertion – attachment to the movable bone
 Described as movement along transverse,
frontal, or sagittal planes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synovial Joints: Range of Motion - know
1. Nonaxial – gliding movements only
2. Uniaxial – movement in one plane
3. Biaxial – movement in two planes
4. Multiaxial – movement in or around all
three planes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. Gliding Movements - understand
 One flat bone surface glides or slips over
another similar surface
 Examples – intercarpal and intertarsal
joints, and between the flat articular
processes of the vertebrae
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Angular Movement – know – (important slide!)
1. Flexion — bending movement that decreases the angle of
the joint
2. Extension — reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased
3. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion — up and down
movement of the foot
4. Abduction — movement away from the midline
5. Adduction — movement toward the midline
6. Circumduction — movement describes a cone in space
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Articulations
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unvpP_rCrz4&p
=3A90BCB40D1A351B&index=1&feature=BF
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gliding Movement – know (be able to identify)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Angular Movement – know (be able to identify)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Angular Movement – know (be able to identify)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Angular Movement – know (be able to identify)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Rotation – know (be able to identify)
 The turning of a
bone around its own
long axis
 Examples
 Between atlas and
axis
 Hip and shoulder
joints
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Special Movements – know (be able to identify)
 Supination and pronation
 Inversion and eversion
 Protraction and retraction
 Elevation and depression
 Opposition
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Special Movements – know (be able to identify)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Special Movements – know (be able to identify)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Special Movements – know (be able to identify)
Figure 8.6c
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Special Movements – know (be able to identify)
Figure 8.6d
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Special Movements – know (be able to identify)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
How joints are classified
Examples
 Link to table of joints
 Medical school site: Joints
 Arthritis Foundation Website
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Joints: examples
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Various kinds of joints.
Fibrous: A, syndesmosis
(tibiofibular); B, suture
(skull). Cartilaginous: C,
symphysis (vertebral
bodies); D, synchondrosis
(first rib and sternum).
Synovial: E, condyloid
(wrist); F, gliding
(radioulnar); G, hinge or
ginglymus (elbow); H, ball
and socket (hip); I, saddle
(carpometacarpal of
thumb); J, pivot
(atlantoaxial).