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Skeletal System A little history first… • This is a Baculum. – What is it? 2 To explain, let us go back… • Roman law: “No cutting up humans Yo!!!” – What animals have skeletons? – Used nonhumans instead. 3 Then comes this guy Andries Van Wesel (1514) • Aka: Andreas Vesalius • “De humani corporis fabrica” – (On the fabric of the human body) Proved the world wrong. Osteology: study of bones Introduced Human Dissection. 4 Back to the Baculum • It’s a penis bone found in most Placental mammals. • But not humans… thanks to evolution 5 Lesson 8-1 Objectives • • • • • List the functions of the skeletal system. Describe the structure of a long bone. Compare compact and spongy bone. Describe how bones grow. Describe the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Skeletal System Overview ENDOskeleton • The skeletal system is composed of – Bones – Joints – Cartilage – Ligaments 7 Functions of the Skeletal System • • • • Supports body weight Supports and protects soft organs With muscles, enables body movement Stores important minerals, including calcium and phosphorus • Contains bone marrow, which produces blood cells Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Sizes and Shapes of Bones • • • • Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Long Short Flat Irregular 9 Two Types of Bone • Compact or hard – Osteons – Shafts: Long bones • Spongy or soft – Trabecular plates – Swiss cheese – Bone marrow 10 Parts of Long Bone • • • • • • • • Diaphysis Epiphysis Epiphyseal disc Medullary cavity Endosteum Periosteum Articular cartilage Marrow 11 Two Types of Ossification • Intramembranous ossification – Replacement of thin connective tissue membrane with bone – In flat bones • Endochondral ossification – Replacement of fetal cartilage skeleton with bone – In long, irregular, and short bones 12 Ossification in the Fetus • Intramembranous ossification – In flat bones of skull • Endochondral ossification – In all other bones Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Bones Growing Taller • Occurs at the epiphyseal disc – Osteoblasts invade cartilage in disc. – They mature into osteocytes (bone). • Affected by hormones – Growth hormone – Estrogen – Testosterone Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Bones Remodeling • Osteoclastic activity is called resorption. • Sculptor (osteoclasts) hollows bone. • Builder (osteoblasts) deposits bone on outer surface. 16 Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin Greenstick- break in one side of bone Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization Realignment of the bone Types of Fractures • Simple • Compound • Greenstick Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Common Types of Fractures What type is this? Greenstick Compound 20 What about this Simple 21 Bone Markings: Projections (Processes) • Condyle: Large knob (form joints) • Epicondyle: Enlargement near a condyle (muscle attachment) • Head: Enlarged, rounded end (epiphysis) • Facet: Small flattened surface (flat bone) • Crest: Ridge (muscle attachment) • Spine: Sharp projection (vertebrae, muscle attachment) • Tuberosity: Knoblike projection (muscle attachment) • Trochanter: Large tuberosity only on femur Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings • Foramen: Opening, usually passage for nerves, blood vessels, ligaments • Fossa: Groove (joints) • Meatus: Tunnel or tubelike passageway • Sinus: Cavity or hollow space within bone 25 Lesson 8-2 Objectives • List the bones of the axial skeleton. • List the bones of the appendicular skeleton. • Label important landmarks for selected bones on the skeleton. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Types of Bones • Axial skeleton – 80 bones of the head and trunk • Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones of the pelvis, shoulders, arms, and legs Bones of the Axial Skeleton • Skull: Cranium, facial, middle ear bones • Hyoid • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage: Ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae 29 Bones of the Skull • Cranial – Held together by sutures – Little movement • Facial – Mandible contains only movable joint • Middle ear bones 30 Special Markings • Temporal bone – External auditory meatus – Zygomatic process – Styloid process – Mastoid process • Occipital bone – Foramen magnum – Occipital condyles Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 The Skull Bones of the Skull Human Skull, Inferior View Paranasal Sinuses • Frontal • Ethmoidal • Sphenoidal • Maxillary 35 Paranasal Sinuses Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Figure 5.10 Paranasal Sinuses Functions of paranasal sinuses Lighten the skull Give resonance and amplification to voice The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Figure 5.12 Fetal Skull and Fontanels • Fontanels are soft spots – Not yet converted to bone – Covered with fibrous tissue – Allow for cranial growth 39 Vertebral Column • Sections – Cervical (C1-C7) – Thoracic (T1-T12) – Lumbar (L1-L5) – Sacrum and coccyx • Curves – Cervical – Thoracic – Lumbar – Sacral 41 Vertebrae • Atlas (C1): Nods “yes” • Axis (C2): Rotates “no” • Other vertebral parts – Vertebral foramen – Body – Lamina – Spinous process – Padded by intervertebral discs 43 Cervical Vertebrae Disorders of the Vertebral Column • Scoliosis: Lateral curve • Kyphosis: Hunchback • Lordosis: Swayback 47 Thoracic Cage • Sternum – Manubrium (Upper part) – Body – Xiphoid process (lower part) • Ribs (12 pairs) – Seven pairs of true ribs – 3 pairs of false ribs – 2 pairs of floating ribs • Thoracic vertebrae 49 The Thoracic Cage Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) Sacrum & Coccyx Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton • Pectoral girdle • Upper limbs • Pelvic girdle –Coxal bones • Lower limbs Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb • Pectoral girdle – Clavicle (collarbone) – Scapula (shoulder blade/wing bone) • Upper limb – Humerus – Radius and ulna – Carpals – Metacarpals – Phalanges Important Landmarks of Upper Limbs • Acromion: tip of shoulder(scapula), articulates with clavicle • Olecranon process: elbow • Glenoid Cavity: Arm socket/shoulder socket – Where humerus fits into shoulder joint 54 Pelvic Girdle: Coxal Bones • Functions – Weight bearing – Attachment for lower limbs – Protection of organs • Coxal bone – Ilium – Ischium – Pubis • Acetabulum (hip socket) • Symphysis pubis Lower Limb • Thigh – Femur ( with trochanters) • Leg bones – Patella – Tibia (with medial malleolus) – Fibula (with lateral malleolus) 56 Lower Limb: Ankle and Foot • Foot bones – Tarsals – Metatarsals – Phalanges • Arches – Form instep Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 57 Lesson 8-3 Objectives • List the main types and functions of joints. • Describe the types of joint movement. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 58 Types of Joints • Immovable • Slightly movable • Freely movable Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 59 Structure of Freely Movable Joints • • • • • • Articular cartilage Joint capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Cartilage Some joints also have – Bursae – Ligaments Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 60 Types of Freely Movable Joints • Hinge: Elbows, knees • Ball-and-socket: Shoulders, hips • Pivot: Atlas-axis joint • Saddle: Carpometacarpal • Gliding: Wrist • Condyloid: Knuckles Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 61 Joint Names: Articulating Bones • Tibiofemoral – Tibia and femur • Humeroulnar – Humerus and ulna • Metacarpophalangeal – Metacarpal bone and phalange • Glenohumeral – Glenoid cavity and humerus Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 62 Types of Joint Movement • • • • • Flexion-extension Inversion-eversion Supination-pronation Abduction-adduction Dorsiflexion-plantar flexion • Hyperextension • Circumduction Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 63