Download Modes of Transmission

Modes of
Disease
Transmission
Objectives
• Define the role of the STSR in controlling
the transmission of pathogens.
• Discuss factors that lead to Surgical Site
Infections.
• Explain the Chain of Infection, and
techniques to reduce nosocomial
infections.
Methods of Transmission
• Primary goal of the STSR is to prevent
SSI’s and transmission of microbes using
proper sterile technique.
• 25% of all perioperative nosocomial
infections do not become evident until
after the patient is discharged.
Methods of Transmission
• Adherence to aseptic technique and
standard precautions reduce the risk of
nosocomial infections.
Surgical Site Infection Facts
1. Primary mode of airborne bacteria in
the O.R. is the surgical team.
2. Most SSI’s are caused by the patient’s
own flora contaminating the wound by
direct contact.
3. Most SSI’s occur because of
contamination during the procedure.
Surgical Site Infections
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Sources of contamination are located
within the surgical suite.
Divided into two sources:
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Environmental
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Surgical team, air, furniture, and instruments.
Endogenous
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Patients own flora.
Chain of Infection
Infectious Agent
• Pathogens:
– Mostly caused by bacteria or viruses.
• Pathogenicity:
– Ability of microorganism to enter, survive in,
and produce disease.
• Virulence:
– How harmful the disease will be.
– Severity of the infectious agent.
Reservoirs
• Anyplace an infectious agent can survive,
grow, or multiply.
– Plants, animals, soil, water, medical
equipment.
– Human body.
• Carrier – Person who carries and can
spread a disease.
Portal of Exit
• Path by which the infectious agent leaves
the reservoir.
Mode of Transmission
• Direct Contact
– Person to person
• Indirect Contact
– Contaminated objects
• Airborne
– Aerosolized droplets
• Common Vehicle
– Contaminated blood, water, etc.
Portals of Entry
• Pathway for infectious agents to enter
host.
• Any opening in the body:
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Respiratory
Mucous membranes
GI/GU tract
Broken skin
Susceptible Host
• Barriers to infection are compromised.
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Immunicompromised
Age
Health
Environment
Nasal carriers of S. Aureus
Pre-Existing conditions
Type and duration of procedure
Factors to Control
Transmission
• Personnel:
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Good hygiene and proper O. R. Attire
Surgical hand scrub
Sterile gown/gloves/drapes
Careful use of sharps
Standard Precautions
Surgical Conscience
Factors to Control
Transmission
• Environment:
– Proper O.R. disinfection.
• Furniture
• Walls/floors
• Equipment
– Ventilation standards.
– Limit personnel traffic
Factors to Control
Transmission
• The Patient:
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Proper adherence to aseptic technique.
Surgical skin prep/shave prep
Pre-operative antibiotics
Type and duration of surgical procedure
Review
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Modes of Transmission
Surgical Site Infection
Chain of Infection
Factors to Control Transmission
Modes of Disease Transmission
• QUESTIONS?