Download Chapter 14 Study Guide Microbiology (Bauman 2007)

Chapter 14 Study Guide Microbiology (Bauman 2007)
Objectives
As you work through the activities and practice quizzes for this chapter, keep the
following learning objectives in mind. Once you have mastered this chapter, you should
be able to:
* Distinguish among the types of symbiosis, listing them in order from most beneficial
to most harmful for the host.
* Describe the relationships among the terms: parasite, host , and pathogen .
* Describe the normal microbiota, including resident and transient members.
* Describe three conditions that create opportunities for normal microbiota to cause
disease.
* Describe the relationship between contamination and infection.
* Identify and describe the portals through which pathogens invade the body.
* List the types of adhesion factors and the roles they play in infection.
* Explain how a biofilm may facilitate contamination and infection.
* Compare and contrast the terms infection, disease, morbidity, pathogenicity , and
virulence.
* Contrast symptoms, signs, and syndromes.
* Define etiology .
* List Koch's postulates, explain their function, and describe their limitations.
* Explain how microbial extracellular enzymes, toxins, adhesion factors, and
antiphagocytic factors affect virulence.
* List and describe the five stages of infectious diseases.
* Describe three types of reservoirs of infection in humans.
* Describe the basis for each of the various classification schemes of infectious
diseases.
* Distinguish among acute, subacute, chronic, and latent diseases.
* Distinguish among communicable, contagious, and noncommunicable infectious
diseases.
* Define epidemiology.
* Contrast between incidence and prevalence.
* Differentiate among the terms endemic, sporadic, epidemic , and pandemic.
* Explain three approaches epidemiologists use to study diseases in populations.
* Explain how nosocomial infections differ from other infections.
* Describe the factors that influence the development of nosocomial infections.
* Describe three types of nosocomial infections and how they may be prevented.
* List three ways public health agencies work to limit the spread of diseases.
Vocabulary
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Symbiosis
Host
Mutualism
Commenalism
Parasitism
normal flora (indigenous microbiota)
commensals
Resident microbiota
Transient microbiota
Contamination
Infection
Portals of entry
Skin
Mucous membranes
Placenta
Parenteral route
adhesion factors
adhesins
ligands
avirulent
Infection
Disease (morbidity)
symptoms
signs
syndrome
asymptomatic
Table 14.5 terminology
etiology
Germ theory of disease
Table 14.6 disease categories
Koch’s postulates
Virulence factors
microbial extracellular enzymes
toxins
adhesion factors
antiphagocytic factors
biofilms
hyaluronidase
coagulase
collagenase
kinase
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
Cytotoxins
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Neurotoxins
enterotoxins
antitoxin
toxoids
Table 14.7 comparison of exotoxins and endotoxins
Exotoxin diseases
Stages of infectious diseases (Fig. 14.10)
portals of exit
reservoirs of infection
Animal reservoir
Human carriers
Nonliving reservoir
zoonoses
Table 14.9 (zoonotic diseases)
Modes of infectious disease transmission (Table 14.10)
Table 14.11
Table 14.12
Incidence
Prevalence
Endemic
Sporadic
Epidemic
Pandemic
epidemiology
Descriptive
Analytical
Experimental
Nosocomial infections
Endogenous
Exogenous
Iatrogenic
Superinfections
Potable water