Download Infectious Disease Process

Bloodborne Pathogens Training
Adapted by V .M. Warnock RN, BSN from slides by Heidi Toth RN, MSN
Infectious Disease Process- What are microorganisms??
Classifications:
bacteria, viruses, fungi,
algae, yeasts, and
protozoa.
Too small to be seen by the
unaided human eye.
Found; in the soil
 in the water,
 on plants and animals.
billions on human skin and the nasal &
intestinal tracts.
Infectious Disease Process- What are pathogens?
Most microorganisms live in harmony
with the human body.
Pathogens—can infect
the body and
cause disease.
Infectious diseases range from mild illnesses, such
as a cold, to fatal illnesses, such as AIDS.
CHAIN OF INFECTION
The Infectious Disease Process.
Microorganism & Reservoir
The chain begins ,,,,,,,,,,,
Second link:……….
An environment in which
the pathogen can survive:
* Water
* soil
* inside someone
already infected
with the germ.
Escape & Transmission
…….
Third link.
Escape from the reservoir
If we are the reservoir, the
pathogenic microorganism can
escape when we cough or
sneeze.
Next link ……..
From the reservoir to the
host.
If water is the reservoir, its
mode of transmission could
be our drinking water
supply.
Entry & Susceptibility
NEXT….
Means of entry
into the host.
A pathogen in water would
enter us if we drank the
water it was in.
A pathogen in the air would
enter us if we inhaled it.
Last link …. host's susceptibility
Depends on the germ and the
disease it causes..…
Some hosts are easier to infect
than others.
CHAIN OF INFECTION
For an infectious disease to occur,
each link in the chain must be connected.
If even one link of the chain is missing:
Interrupted process=No infection
.
Here the chain is broken at the point of host susceptibility.
YOU can break the chain of infection by following
standard precautions/universal precautions.
Bloodborne pathogens ……..
are microorganisms that are present
in blood that can cause disease.
How do you get infected?
blood or body fluid
from an infected
individual
Enters another
persons body
2 examples of Bloodborne pathogens:
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Any body fluid with visible
blood is potentially infectious.
Other body fluids like semen and vaginal
secretions are considered potential
infectious fluids.
The risk of transmission from these body
fluids in the school setting is considered
extremely low.
POTENTIAL EXPOSURE RISK
Contact alone does not ensure infection!
Pathogens must enter the bloodstream to cause
infection.
In the workplace, an employee may be exposed to
bloodborne pathogens such as Hepatitis B Virus or
HIV when infected blood or body fluid is allowed to
enter the body by means of penetration.
Exposure may occur through:
a needlestick
a cut or break in the skin
contact with mucous membranes such as the eye,
nose, or mouth
HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV)
HBV causes inflammation of the liver
and may lead to complications of:
Lifelong infection (>200 million
carriers worldwide
Hospitalization
Cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver
Liver cancer (cause of 80% of cases)
Death
HBV virus can live up to a week on a
dried environmental surface.
For more information about Hepatitis B:
www.liverfoundation.org
HEPATITIS B VACCINATION
is one way to minimize your risk
 Three shots in upper arm over a 6-month period (0, 1, 4-6
months)
 Low incidence of side effects, people should not get the
vaccine if they have had a life threatening allergic
reaction to baker’s yeast or to a previous dose of
hepatitis vaccine
 Routine booster doses are NOT recommended for any
group
 Post vaccination blood testing is recommended for certain
healthcare workers
Hepatitis B shots are required for all school-age children.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
•Life-threatening virus
•compromises the body's immune system
spread most commonly through sexual
contact
•or by contact with infected blood and
body fluids
Early symptoms may be similar
to those of the flu
(fever, diarrhea, fatigue)
This virus can be carried for several years
without showing symptoms (asymptomatic)
Eventually, Aids will develop..
AIDS destroy the body’s ability to fight
infections, and certain cancers, and
will lead to death.
There is no vaccine to prevent AIDS
For more information about AIDS :
www.aegis.com
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS


Treating all blood and
body fluids as
potentially infectious for
HIV, HBV and other
bloodborne pathogens
Applies to bloodborne
pathogens while
Standard Precautions…
Standard Precautions
Applies to all body fluids (not just those
affected by bloodborne pathogens).
Affects all employees, includes the following:
 Avoidance of body fluid exposure
 Glove use and handwashing
 Good Samaritan Law- act promptly to the
best of your training and ability and act until
help arrives or exhaustion
Training is done annually by school nurse
EXPOSURE CONTROL STRATEGIES
Interrupt the chain of infection by using the
following preventive measures:
• Wash your hands (remove pathogens before they
can enter the body).
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
(prevent contact with infectious materials.)
• Use caution when handling needles and other
sharp objects. Contaminated sharps must be placed in
puncture resistant containers labeled with a biohazard
label. Do not recap!
Sharps containers are in the Health Offices.
Exposure Control Strategies cont…
.
Additional information on needlestick prevention
at:
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/2000-108.html
•Finally, Receive a Hepatitis B vaccination to
decrease your susceptibility to the disease.
Presently, no vaccine for HIV is available.
HANDWASHING
Washing your hands with soap under running water
for at least 30 seconds of friction rubbing, then dry thoroughly.
Shut off the faucet with the items you were drying with- not with your
clean hands. Remember, you turned it on with dirty hands!
No access to running water?:
Instant gel hand sanitizer,containing alcohol, or towelettes,
Remember: Handwashing is the best way
to avoid the spread of any infection!
Hands unconsciously touch the eyes, nose, and mouth
numerous times throughout the day.
These body areas are potential portals of entry for
infectious organisms.
Handwashing cont…
Because of potential infection, it is extremely important to wash your
hands frequently. Wash hands immediately if you contact
contaminated material. Wash them after:
•handling infectious waste, even if it is properly contained
•removal of gloves
•using the restroom
•wash your hands before going on breaks and before l
leaving work at the end of the day.
Wash your hands frequently.
Encourage your students to do the same.
GLOVE REMOVAL
•With both hands gloved, peel one
glove off from top to bottom and hold
it in the gloved hand.
· With the exposed hand, peel
the second glove from the
inside, tucking the first glove
inside the second.
· Dispose of the gloves
promptly.
· Never touch the outside of
the glove with bare skin.
· Every time you remove your
gloves wash your hands with
soap and water as soon as
possible.