Download chapter 3 safety practices

CHAPTER 3
SAFETY PRACTICES
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Disease Transmission
Microorganism- can not be seen with the
human eye
Pathogen is a microorganism that causes
disease; bacteria, fungi, virus etc.
*Infection requires three elements
– Source of microorganisms that is a pathogen
– A susceptible host
– A means of transmission to the host
*Nosocomial Infection-____________________
____________________________________
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Methods of Transmission
• Contact
– Direct or indirect through an inanimate object
• Droplet
• Airborne
• Common vehicle
– Water, food, contaminated equipment
• Through vectors
– Mosquitoes, flies, rats, and other such vermin
**Equipment /work surfaces must be cleaned when they are
visibly contaminated or at the end of the day
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Infection
•
•
•
•
•
Symptomatic
Asymptomatic- No symptoms
Local infection is limited to a small area of the body
Systemic infection is located throughout the body
Signs and symptoms of a general infection include
fever, chills, pain, an ache or tenderness, general
feeling of tiredness, and night sweats
• Signs and symptoms of a local infection may include
redness, heat, swelling, pain, or fluid
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rights reserved.
Isolation Precautions
2 levels of precautions established by the Hospital
Infection Control
• Standard Isolation Precautions (Universal
Precautions) are applied to ALL patients; designed to
reduce the transmission of microorganisms both
diagnosed and undiagnosed
• Transmission-Based Precautions are applied to
patients with known or suspected infections
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)gloves, gowns, eyewear, footwear, masks, headwear
-An mask and eye protection must be worn if fluids can
splash or spray
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Table 3-1 Isolation
Precautions
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Box 3-2 Requirements of
Standard Precautions
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Box 3-3 Bioterrorism Agents
Bacteria Classification:
1.
Shape
2.
Aerobic
3.
Anaerobic
*Staphylococci are round and cause
impetigo and boils
*Bacilli are rod-shaped
*Diplococci- paired
*Streptococci- chains
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Types of Microorganisms
•
•
•
•
•
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Rickettsiae (parasites)
Viruses
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Handwashing Technique
• Hands are washed thoroughly at the
beginning of the work period
– Between each client contact
– Before and after eating
– Before and after using the restroom
– Before leaving the work environment
• Gloves are worn when contact is made with
body fluids, mucous membranes, or wet
secretions
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Principles of Asepsis
• Medical asepsis can be evaluated on three levels
– Antiseptics, which inhibit the growth of bacteria;
they can be used on the skin
– Disinfectants are agents that destroy most
bacteria and viruses. They can be caustic or
harmful to the skin. Disinfection can be
accomplished by boiling as well as by using
chemical agents.
– Sterile, also referred to as surgical asepsis, is a
state of sterility or the use of sterile technique
-removes all microorganisms
-use of an autoclave
-isolation of a patient
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
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Ominbus Budget
Reconciliation Act (OBRA)
Regulations
• OBRA requires training for nursing assistants.
This includes:
–
–
–
–
–
Completion of a written examination
Demonstration of ability to perform skills correctly
Continuing education
Periodic evaluation of performance
Retraining if the nursing assistant does not work in
the field for 2 years or more at one time
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
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Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA)
Regulations
• Established in 1970
• To establish standards of safety for the workplace
and to enforce the standards
• To research and provide documentation to OSHA
regarding the safe level of exposure to hazards in the
workplace
• Employee exposure protocol= 2 hours to report
Ex of OSHA for patients: requires all tattoo parlors to
have a health dept permit; must have consent
before performing a tattoo or piercing; tetanus is
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by Mosby,
Inc. All
possible contamination
with
tattoos
rights reserved.
Box 3-4 Material Safety Data
Sheet
OSHA- “Right to Know” for employees
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
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Safe Movement
• Body mechanics
– Refers to the way the body is moved to prevent
injury to oneself and to others
– Accomplished by using knowledge of proper body
alignment, balance, and movement
– Posture is the position of body parts in relation to
each other
– Balance is the ability to maintain a steady
position that does not tip
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Symbols of Access
• Wheelchair ramps
• Doors are wide enough to
accommodate a wheelchair
• Elevators have Braille indicators
• Telephones and drinking fountains are
placed at a lower height
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Identifying and Reporting
Hazards
• A fire may be controlled or extinguished
• Oxygen and electrical equipment may be
turned off
• Four classes of chemical fire extinguishers
– Class A: for use on paper, wood, trash, cloth,
upholstery, rubber, and similar materials
– Class B: for use on fuel oil, gas, paint, solvents,
and other flammable liquids
– Class C: for use on electrical equipment, fuse
boxes, wiring and appliances
– Class D: for use on metals
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Hazardous Waste
• Waste is divided into two categories
– Biomedical
• Hazardous and infectious waste is placed
in sealed bags before removing it from
the area of use; the bag is labeled and
sealed to alert workers; sharps
containers are used for needles, razors and
glass
– General
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Emergency Disaster
Procedures
• Caused by nature or man
–
–
–
–
Tornados
Explosions
Plane crashes
Earthquakes
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