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Interest Grabber
Section 40-1
How Do We Get Sick?
Almost everyone gets sick once in a while. Diseases are any changes,
other than injuries, that disrupt the normal functions of the body. They can
be inherited, caused by materials in the environment, or produced by
disease-causing organisms. These organisms are called pathogens.
Diseases caused by pathogens are generally infectious because the
pathogens usually infect, or enter, the body of the person that gets sick.
1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of some of the infectious
diseases you have had.
2. Choose one of the diseases on your list. How did you feel when you
were sick with this disease? How was the disease treated?
3. How did you get the disease described in question 2?
What do you think caused this disease?
Go to
Section:
Section Outline
Section 40-1
40–1
Infectious Disease
A. The Germ Theory of Disease
B. Koch’s Postulates
C. Agents of Disease
1. Viruses
2. Bacteria
3. Protists
4. Worms
5. Fungi
D. How Diseases Are Spread
1. Physical Contact
2. Contaminated Food and Water
3. Infected Animals
E. Fighting Infectious Diseases
Go to
Section:
Koch’s Postulates
Section 40-1
No pathogen
Healthy mouse
Suspected
pathogen
Dead mouse
Injection of
organisms from
pure culture
Healthy mouse
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Section:
Suspected pathogen
The pathogen
should always be
found in the body
of a sick
organism and
should not be
found in a
healthy one.
Dead mouse
Suspected
pathogen grown
in pure culture.
The pathogen
must be
isolated and
grown in the
laboratory in
a pure
culture.
Pathogen
When purified
pathogens are
placed in a
new host, they
should cause
the same
disease that
infected the
host.
Dead mouse
The very same
pathogen should
be reisolated
from the second
host. And it
should be the
same as the
original
pathogen.
Pathogens and Disease
Section 40-1
Pathogen
Types
Viruses
Bacteria
Protists
Worms
Fungi
Chickenpox
Agent That Causes
Disease
Rhinovirus
Two types (A, B),
plus subtypes
Varicella
Measles
Paramyxovirus
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Neisseria meningitidis
Vibrio cholerae
Clostridium tetani
Trypanosoma
Disease
Common cold
Influenza
Meningitis
Cholera
Tetanus
African sleeping
sickness
Malaria
Amoebic dysentery
Schistosomiasis
Beef tapeworm
Athlete’s foot
Ringworm
Go to
Section:
Plasmodium
Entamoeba histolytica
Schistosoma
Taenia saginata
Imperfect fungi
Imperfect fungi
Method of
Transmission
Airborne; direct contact with infected person
Airborne; droplet infection; direct contact with
infected person
Airborne; direct contact with infected person
Droplets in air; direct contact with secretions of
infected person
Droplets in air; contaminated milk and dairy products
Direct contact with a carrier
Contaminated drinking water
Contaminated wound; usually puncture wound
Spread by tsetse fly
Spread by Anopheles mosquitoes
Contaminated drinking water
Freshwater streams and rice paddies
Contaminated meat
Contact with infected person
Exchange of hats, combs, or athletic head gear with
infected person
Interest Grabber
Section 40-2
How Can We Avoid Diseases?
In the United States, babies and small children are usually given a series
of vaccines, which protect them from many infectious diseases. A vaccine
is an injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen. People may also
receive vaccines against certain diseases later in their lives.
Go to
Section:
Interest Grabber continued
Section 40-2
1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of some of the vaccines you have
received.
2. Have you ever received a vaccine before you traveled to a foreign
country? If so, which vaccines did you receive?
3. Have you ever been sick with any of the diseases you have been
vaccinated against? Why do you think you did or did not get sick
with these diseases?
4. A child usually receives several vaccines before starting school.
Why do you think children are given these vaccines before
starting school?
Go to
Section:
Section Outline
Section 40-2
40–2
The Immune System
A. Nonspecific Defenses
1. First Line of Defense
2. Second Line of Defense
3. Interferon
B. Specific Defenses
1. Humoral Immunity
2. Antibody Structure
3. Cell-Mediated Immunity
4. Transplants
C. Acquired Immunity
1. Active Immunity
2. Passive Immunity
Go to
Section:
Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
Antibody Concentration
Section 40-2
Interval
between
exposures
First
exposure
Second
exposure
Time
Go to
Section:
Figure 40–7 The Inflammatory Response
Section 40-2
Skin
Wound
Phagocytes move into the
area and engulf the bacteria
and cell debris
Bacteria enter
the wound
Capillary
Go to
Section:
Figure 40–8 Structure of an Antibody
Section 40-2
Antigenbinding
sites
Antigen
Go to
Section:
Antibody
Figure 40–9 Humoral Immunity
Section 40-2
Go to
Section:
Figure 40–10 Cell-Mediated Immune Response
Section 40-2
Macrophage
Helper T cell activates
killer T cells and B cells
T cell binds to
activated
macrophage
Helper
T Cell
Killer
T Cell
T Cell
Antigens are displayed on
surface of macrophage
T cell, activated by macrophage,
becomes a helper T cell
Infected Cell
Killer T cells bind to infected cells,
disrupting their cell membranes and
destroying them
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Section:
Interest Grabber
Section 40-3
What Are Allergies?
Ahhhhchoo! Do you or someone you know have allergies? As you know,
the immune system protects the body against invading pathogens.
Sometimes, however, the immune system can make a mistake. Allergies
occur when the immune system overreacts to an antigen, a substance that
triggers an immune response.
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Section:
Interest Grabber continued
Section 40-3
Work with a partner to answer the following questions.
1. Does one of you have allergies? If so, how does your body behave
when you are exposed to something to which you are allergic? If
neither of you has allergies, describe the behavior of someone you
know who has allergies.
2. How can you tell the difference between an allergy and a cold?
3. What types of objects are people allergic to?
4. How are allergies treated?
Go to
Section:
Section Outline
Section 40-3
40–3
Immune System Disorders
A.
B.
C.
D.
Go to
Section:
Allergies
Asthma
Autoimmune Diseases
AIDS, an Immunodeficiency Disease
1. The Virus That Causes AIDS
2. Transmission of HIV
3. Preventing HIV Infection
4. Can AIDS Be Cured?
Stages of HIV Infection
Section 40-3
Infection;
Immune
system
eliminates
most of HIV
Symptoms, such as
swollen lymph nodes,
are few
Loss of immune
function more
apparent; appearance
of characteristic
diseases such as
yeast infections
Almost
total loss
of cellular
immunity;
AIDS
Relative HIV
concentration
T cell
concentration
Years
Go to
Section:
Interest Grabber
Section 40-4
Don’t Light Up
Smoking accounts for eight out of ten lung cancer deaths and about 30
percent of deaths by all types of cancer. The more cigarettes, cigars, or
pipes a person smokes and the longer a person smokes, the greater his or
her chance of getting lung cancer. Even if you don’t smoke, you still may
be at risk—if you simply breathe in smoke from nearby smokers. This
action increases your risk of developing lung cancer by as much as 30
percent.
Go to
Section:
Interest Grabber continued
Section 40-4
1. Why do you think most people start smoking?
2. Do you think that most smokers know that smoking greatly increases
their risk of death by lung cancer? If smokers knew this information, do
you think they would quit? Explain your answer.
3. Cancer begins when something goes wrong with the controls that
normally regulate cell growth and reproduction. How do you think
smoking causes the cells in the lungs to become cancerous?
Go to
Section:
Section Outline
Section 40-4
40–4
The Environment and Your Health
A. Air Quality
1. Carbon Monoxide
2. Ozone
3. Airborne Particulates
B. Water Quality
C. Bioterrorism
D. Cancer
1. Causes of Cancer
2. Treating Cancer
E. Maintaining Health
1. Healthful Diet
2. Exercise and Rest
3. Abstaining from Harmful Activities
4. Regular Checkups
Go to
Section:
Concept Map
Section 40-4
The Study
of Cancer
includes a
knowledge of
Symptoms
Causes
which may
include a
including
Tumor
Viruses
Go to
Section:
Malignant
including
Chemicals
which may
consist of
which are
classified as
Benign
Radiation
Treatments
X-rays
Sunlight
Surgery
Nuclear
radiation
Drug
therapy
Radiation
therapy
Videos
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
Inflammatory Response
Humoral Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Video 1
Inflammatory Response
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 2
Humoral Immunity
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 3
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Click the image to play the video segment.
Go Online
Articles on infectious diseases and the immune system
Links from the authors on AIDS
Interactive test
For links on diseases, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code
as follows: cbn-0401.
For links on the immune system, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the
Web Code as follows: cbn-0402.
For links on cancer cells, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web
Code as follows: cbn-0404.
Interest Grabber Answers
1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of some of the infectious
diseases you have had.
Infectious diseases include colds, the flu, measles, mumps, chickenpox,
strep throat, tonsillitis, pneumonia, and so on. If students list diseases that
are not infectious, explain why these diseases are not infectious diseases.
2. Choose one of the diseases on your list. How did you feel when you were
sick with this disease? How was the disease treated?
Possible answers: headache, sore throat, and fever; was given an
antibiotic by doctor and stayed in bed.
3. How did you get the disease described in question 2?
What do you think caused this disease?
Possible answers: caught it from someone at school or home; caused by a
“germ” or a pathogen.
Interest Grabber Answers
1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of some of the vaccines you have received.
Most students have had vaccines for tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella,
diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), chickenpox, hepatitis B, meningitis, and so on.
2. Have you ever received a vaccine before you traveled to a foreign country? If so, which
vaccines did you receive?
Possible answers: vaccinations against yellow fever, cholera, and typhoid fever.
3. Have you ever been sick with any of the diseases you have been vaccinated against?
Why do you think you did or did not get sick with these diseases?
Students may say that they did not get sick after receiving a vaccination for the disease
or they may say that they felt tired and weak after getting the vaccination. Not getting
the disease indicates that the person is protected against the disease. Getting sick
after a vaccination indicates a mild response to the pathogen.
4. A child usually receives several vaccines before starting school. Why do you think
children are given these vaccines before starting school?
Young children would be more susceptible to catching diseases in public places, such
as at school. Vaccines protect children against these illnesses.
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Does one of you have allergies? If so, how does your body behave when
you are exposed to something to which you are allergic? If neither of you
has allergies, describe the behavior of someone you know who has
allergies.
Possible answers: sneezing; watery, itchy eyes; stuffy nose.
2. How can you tell the difference between an allergy and a cold?
Unlike an allergy, a cold may produce a sore throat, a fever (rarely), aches
and pains, and yellow or green mucus. Mucus is usually clear during an
allergic attack.
3. What types of objects are people allergic to?
Pollens, molds, foods, animal dander, mites in dust, detergents, and so on.
4. How are allergies treated?
By taking antihistamine drugs, avoiding the allergens (such as foods
or detergents), or getting allergy shots.
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Why do you think most people start smoking?
Because their friends smoke or they think it makes them look older.
2. Do you think that most smokers know that smoking greatly increases their
risk of death by lung cancer? If smokers knew this information, do you
think they would quit? Explain your answer.
Students may say that most smokers know that smoking is bad for their
health, but they continue to smoke because they are addicted to smoking
or they have failed at attempts to quit smoking.
3. Cancer begins when something goes wrong with the controls that normally
regulate cell growth and reproduction. How do you think smoking causes
the cells in the lungs to become cancerous?
Possible answers: The chemicals in tobacco smoke poison lung cells or
cause them to lose their ability to grow and reproduce normally.
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