Download Chap. 7, Syntax-Directed Compilation

Chap. 7, Syntax-Directed
Compilation
J. H. Wang
Dec. 6, 2011
Outline
• Overview
• Bottom-Up Syntax-Directed Translation
• Top-Down Syntax-Directed Translation
• Abstract Syntax Trees
• AST Design and Construction
• AST Structures for Left and Right Values
• Design Patterns for ASTs
Overview
• Syntax-directed translation
– The work performed by a compiler while
parsing
– Syntactic actions
– Semantic actions
Semantic Actions and Values
• Semantic actions
– Associated code sequence that will execute
when the production is applied
• Semantic values
– For production A -> X1…Xn, a semantic value
for each symbol
• Terminals: values originate from the scanner
• Nonterminals: to compute a value for A based on
the values assigned to X1…Xn
Synthesized and Inherited
Attributes
• Synthesized attributes
– Attributes flow from the leaves of a derivation
tree toward its root
– Ex.: evaluating expressions (Fig. 7.1)
• Inherited attributes
– Attribute values pass from parent to child
– Ex.: counting the position of each x in a string
(Fig. 7.2)
Bottom-Up Syntax-Directed
Translation
• A->X1…Xn
– For yacc and Bison
• Xi: $i
• A: $0
– For JavaCUP
• X:val
• Two stacks in bottom-up parser
– Syntactic stack (parse stack): to manipulate terminal
and nonterminal symbols
– Semantic stack: to manipulate semantic values of these
symbols
Example
• Ex.: 4 3 1 $
– (Fig. 7.3)
• Semantic values for nonterminal symbols: computed by
semantic actions
• Semantic values for terminal symbols: established by the
scanner
• Ex.: o 4 3 1 $
– Base-8 (octal): (Fig. 7.4)
– Problem: the information required at a semantic
action is not available from below
• Semantic actions allowed only on reductions
PRINT
Rule Cloning
• A similar sequence of input symbols
should be treated differently depending
on the context
– Ex.: (Fig. 7.5)
– Redundancy in productions
Forcing Semantic Actions
• Introducing unit productions of the form
AX
– Semantic actions can be associated with the
reduction of AX
– If a semantic action is desired between two
symbols Xm and Xn,
• a production of the form A can be introduced
– Ex.: (Fig. 7.6)
• Another example for assigning the base
with the symbol x
– (Fig. 7.7)
Aggressive Grammar
Restructuring
• Reasons to avoid using global variables
– Grammar rules are often invoked recursively,
and the global variables can introduce
unwanted interactions
– Global variables can make semantic actions
difficult to write and maintain
– Global variables may require setting or
resetting
• More robust solution
– Sketch the parse tree without global variables
– Revise the grammar to achieve the desired parse tree
– Verify the revised grammar is still suitable for parser
construction (e.g. LALR(1))
– Verify the revised grammar still generates the same
language
– (Fig. 7.8)
• Keep the base in the semantic values
• Propagate the value up the parse tree
Top-Down Syntax-Directed
Translation
• Using the recursive-descent parsers
• Semantic actions can be written directly
into the parser
– Ex.: Lisp-like expressions (Fig. 7.9)
• ( plus 31 ( prod 10 2 20 ) ) $
• Inherited values: parameters passed into a
method
• Synthesized values: returned by methods
– (Fig. 7.10)
Abstract Syntax Trees
• The central data structure for all postparsing activities
– AST must be concise
– AST must be sufficiently flexible
• Concrete vs. abstract trees
– (Fig. 7.3 & 7.4)
– (Fig. 7.11)
An Efficient AST Data Structure
• Considering
– AST is typically constructed bottom-up
– Lists of siblings are typically generated by
recursive rules
– Some AST nodes have a fixed number of
children, but some may require an arbitrarily
large number of children
• (Fig. 7.12)
• Each node is of constant size
– Each node points to its next (right) sibling,
and also its leftmost sibling
– Each node n points to its leftmost child
– Each node points to its parent
Infrastructure for Creating ASTs
• Methods to create and manage AST nodes
(Fig. 7.13)
– MakeNode(t)
• MakeNode(int n), MakeNode(Symbol s),
MakeNode(Operator o), MakeNode()
– X.MakeSiblings(y)
– X.AdoptChildren(y)
– MakeFamily(op, kid1, … kidn)
AST Design and Construction
• Important forces that influence the design
of an AST
– It should be possible to unparse (i.e.
reconstitute) an AST
• AST must hold sufficient information
– The implementation of an AST should be
decoupled from the essential information
represented within the AST
– Different views from different phases of a
compiler
• Process of the design of an appropriate
AST structure
– An unambiguous grammar for L is devised
– An AST for L is devised
– Semantic actions are placed in the grammar to
construct the AST
– Passes of the compiler are designed
– Ex. (Fig. 7.14)
Design
• Assignment statements
– Fig. 7.15(a)
• If statements
– Fig. 7.15(c)
• While statements
– Fig. 7.15(d)
• Block of statements
– Fig. 7.15(e)
• Plus operations
– Fig. 7.15(b)
Construction
• Semantic actions are added into the parse
to construct the AST structure
– (Fig. 7.17)
– Example: (Fig. 7.18 & 7.19)
• if (x + y) { while (z) z = z +1 od; x = 8 }
else z = 7 fi $
AST Structure for Left and Right
Values
• Identifier
– Value
– Location (address)
– Ex: x=y
• y: value of y (right value, or R-value)
• x: location of x (left value, or L-value)
– Ex:
• *p = 0;
• x = &p;
• Given the location of an identifier, we can
always find the value by indirection
– But we cannot find an identifier’s location
from its value
• We always regard an identifier as
representing its location
– Explicit deref nodes will be placed to show
exactly where indirection occurs
– (Fig. 7.20, 7.21, & 7.22)
Design Patterns for ASTs
• (omitted)
Thanks for Your Attention!