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Medical Imaging Jessica Ramella-Roman Ph.D. Instructor Office ---> Pangborn Hall -105B Email ---> [email protected] Office phone ----> 202 319 6247 Office hours ---> By appointment Research ---> Biomedical Optics Lab ---> Pangborn Hall, 118 Textbook & suggested reading The essential physics of medical imaging, second edition, J.T. Bushberg, J.A. Seibert, E.M.Leidholdt, JR. J.M. Boone, Editor: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins ISBN 0-683-30118-7 Grading 40% Homework 30% Midterm Exam 30% Final Exam http://policies.cua.edu/academicgrad/gradesfull.cfm#iii CUA Grading System http://policies.cua.edu/academicgrad/gradesfull.cfm#iii Class Structure 1 h 15 min - lecture 20 min break 1 h 15min – lecture Class in snapshot Class website faculty.cua.edu/ramella Click here Password is: medical581 ONE WORD! Class website faculty.cua.edu/ramella Notes Schedule Homework Every one or two weeks Graded on effort – i.e. 100% if produced in time I will return only the answers to the questions Midterm / Final Close notes, close book 1.5 hr 1 or 2 questions from homework general questions, example How does Xray work? Medical imaging Includes many imaging modalities X-ray, Ultrasound, CT, PET, MRI, and many others Uses physics, math, engineering tools, biology, (...) to image different part of the interior of the human body. Radiation is: Energy that travels through space and matter We are interested in electromagnetic radiation Xray Visible Waves Gamma rays (…) Electromagnetic spectrum wavelength (nm) 1015 1012 109 106 103 100 10-3 10-6 frequency (Hz) 60 1012 16 1018 UV Radio, TV, Radar, MRI IR g-Rays X-Rays Radiant Heat 10-12 energy (eV) 10-9 10-6 10-3 1024 100 visible 103 106 Cosmic Rays 109 X-Ray imaging Discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen Nov 8, 1895 Published December 12, 1895 Uses X-Rays (0.01-0.1 nm) Ionizing radiation 10-100 KeV Resolution: mm Penetration: all body Mammography is done with low power X-rays * images from: http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/xrays.html Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield 1970-1980 Uses very powerful magnets (1.5 Tesla) and the nuclear magnetic resonance properties of the proton Detects the radio frequency emitted by the protons (Proton spin flip) Tomographic imaging modality 10 minutes for a complete scan * images from: http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/2003/press.html Computer Tomography (CT) Full body CT inventor 1970-2 Robert Lendley Uses X-Rays, rotates the source & detector around the body Very quick (10 sec) Image soft tissue and vascular network * images from: http://www.radiologyinfo.org Ultrasound Inventor: Donald 1957, used on pregnant woman in 1958 Uses sound waves Sound enters the tissues and is reflected by internal structures Echoes It’s a scanning process Much less harmful than ionizing mechanism Doppler ultrasound is used to measure flow * images from: http:///www.medical.philips.com Nuclear Imaging Inventor: Many over the years John & Ernest Lawrence, Ager ... Uses the decay (X-Ray or Gamma-Ray) of a isotope that was injected in a patient to image internal organs (emission images) Gives information on the physiology of the patient PET-> Positron Emission Tomography Radioactive isotopes Fluorine18 and Oxygen 15 emits positrons (e+) e+ combined to e- produces annihilation radiation Annihilation radiation similar to gamma-ray but produces 2 photons ( in opposite directions) Uses a ring of detector to record the photon Produces a tomographic image SPECT-> Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Gamma ray or Xray emission from the patient is recorder at several different angle. (tomography) Radioactive isotopes Fluorine18 and Oxygen 15 emits positrons (e+) * images from: http:///www.medical.philips.com Next class is September 6