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GENERAL HEART AND
BLOOD VESSELS
BY
Rudy sukamto
ANGIOLOGY
• Is the description of the organs of circulation of
the blood and lymph - the heart and vessels,
including the spleen and thymus.
• The heart is the central hollow muscular organ
which function as a suction and force pump: the
differences in pressure caused by its contraction
and relaxation chiefly determine the circulation
of the blood and lymph.
• It is enclosed in a fibrous sac – the pericardium
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Consists of :
• 1. the heart (cor)
• 2. the arteries, which convey blood (sanguis)
from the heart to the tissue.
• 3. the capillaries ( vas capillare), microscopic
tubes in the tissue, which permit the necessary
interchange between the blood and tissue.
• The veins, which convey the blood back to the
heart
PERICARDIUM
• Is the fibroserous sac which encloses the heart
and, in part, the great vessels connected with it.
• The fibrous layer (pericardium fibrosum) is
relatively thin, but strong and inelastic.
- dorsally it is attached to the large vessels at
the base of the heart and continue to the m.
longus colli.
- ventrally: it is attached to sternum by the strong
sternopericardiaca ligament in cattle, horse
and swine. In carnivore by a phrenopericardiac
ligament to the diaphragm.
HEART
• The size, shape and position has variation
between and within species.
• Occupies the greater part of the middle
mediastinal space.
• Its have : an apex, base, two surfaces
and two borders.
• Divides into two atrium and two ventricles.
HEART
• Apex: lies centrally dorsal to the sternum.
• Base is directed dorsally. Its formed by the
right and left atria.
• Interventricular septum: is the partition
which separates the cavities of the two
ventricles.
• Septum atrioventriculare.
• Sulcus coronarius: indicates the division
between the atria and the ventricles.
HEART
• Sulcus interventriculare paraconal (
longitudinalis sinister). tdk mencpai apex
• Sulcus interventriculare subsinousal
(longitudinalis dexter) mencapai apex
ATRIUM DEXTER
• Auricle, forms the right cranial part of the base of
the heart and lies dorsally to the right ventricle.
• Its have 5 openings:- vena cava cranialis, vena
cava caudalis, sinus coronarius, ostium
atriventriculare dextrum, foramina venarum
minimarum.
• Pectinate muscles.
• Oval foramen: through which the two atria
communicate in the fetus.
Ventricle dexter
•
•
•
•
•
Conus arteriosus,
valvula tricuspidales.
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
Trabeculae carnae: muscular ridges and
bands.
• Moderator bands (trabeculae
septomarginales)
ATRIUM SINISTER
• Same as dexter.
Ventricle dexter
• Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum
• Valvula bicuspidales/mitralis/sinister.
• Ostium aortae. is guarded by aortic
valve composeed of three semilunar cusp.
• Chordae tendineae are fewer but larger
than right ventricle
BLOOD VESSELS
• Divides into pulmonary and systemic.
• Pulmonary trunk conveys the blood from
the right ventricle to the lungs, where it is
arterialized and is returned by the
pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
• The portal system is often applied to the
portal vein and its tributaries, which come
from the stomach, intestine, pancreas and
spleen.
CORPUS CAVERNOSUM
• Corpus cavernosum: is an erectile structure
which consists essentially of intercommunicating
blood spaces enclosed by smooth muscle and
fibroelastic tissue. These spaces (cavernae) are
lined with endothelium and contained blood.
• Distention of the cavernae which blood produces
the enlargement and hardening of the corpus
which is termed erection.
• Vasa vasorum: the walls of the blood vessels are
supplied with blood by numerous small arteries.
ARTERIES
• classify on the basis their structure such
as:
• 1. large or elastic
• 2. medium or muscular.
• 3. small arterioles.
artery recurrent; run in opposite direction to
that of the parent stem.
• Anasthomosis: the intercommunication of
branches of adjacent arteries.
• Vascular plexus: the connections of the
arteries are made by network of numerous
fine branches.
• Retia vasculosa: wide-meshed networks of
vessels.
• Rete mirabile is a network intercalated in
the course of an artery.
VEINS
• In general, arranged like the arteries, but are
usually of greater caliber.
• Vena comitans or satellite vein ; a vein
accompanies an artery and is usually
homonymous.
• Venous plexuses: anasthomose several veins.
• Venous sinuses: vein is enclosed by dense
membranes and run usually in bony grooves.
• Emissarium: a vein which connects one of
these sinuses with veins outside the cranium.
• Veins of the contain valves (valvula venosa)
• Most of the blood from the body returns to
the heart by way of the venae cavae.
However, several alternate routes are
possible such as the azygos system, the
vertebral system and the portal system.