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Blood...The River of Life (A delivery system of 5 liters of liquid fun) II. Anatomy of Blood A. Plasma 1. Liquid portion (92%) 2. Sugar, proteins, vitamins, minerals, hormones, enzymes, waste 3. non-living II. Anatomy of Blood B. Red Blood Cells “Carrier Cells” 1. Disc-shaped cells 2. Made in the bone marrow 3. No Nucleus 4. Hemoglobin--captures the Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 5. Live about 100-120 days The Scoop on Blood Types Antigens ABO Rh A – A antigens Rh+= antigen Carbohydrates B- B antigens Rh - = no antigen MARKERS ON AB – A & B CELL antigens O – no antigens Used in ID The Scoop on Blood Type Antibodies Rh ABO Anti-A Anti-B Bind to Antigens Proteins Find Invaders In plasma Anti Rh+ Blood Antigens Antibodies Can Type on RBC in Plasma Donate To: A A Anti-B A, AB Can Receive From: A, O B B Anti-A B, AB B, O AB A, B None AB All O None All O Rh+ + Anti-A, Anti-B None + +/- Rh - None Anti + +/- - C. White Blood Cells 1. Complete cells 2. Only 1% of the blood volume 3. Can leave the circulatory system and go to damaged tissues 4. Defense against disease 5. Five different types (lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils) D. Platelets 1. Cell fragments 2. Essential for blood clotting 3. Form a temporary plug to seal a break in the skin I. Functions of Blood A. Transports oxygen to the body cells B. Transports carbon dioxide and waste from the body cells C. Transports food to body cells (glucose and other necessary things) D. Contains disease fighters E. Regulates body temperature--remember the skin unit!! F. Transports hormones Anemia: Low oxygen carrying capacity Low RBCs, Low Hemoglobin, Abnormal RBCs Polycythemia: Too many RBCs Blood very thick and flows slowly Genetics of Blood Types Blood types are an example of CoDominance A and B are codominant and code for the antigens on Red Blood cells If a person has AB blood, they have both antigens O is recessive and codes for NO antigens To be recessive, you must have two recessive alleles Try a practice problem Genetics of Blood Type Type A = IAIA or IAi Type B = IBIB or IBi Type AB = IAIB Type O = i i IA I Ai IA i IB IB i IB i i i Clumping Reaction of ABO Blood Typing Sera Blood Type Reactions Reactions Anti-A Serum Anti-B Serum A Clump No clump B No clump Clump AB Clump Clump O No Clump No Clump II. Anatomy of Blood The Five Happy Types of White Blood Cells a. Neutrophils – Fight acute infection b. Eosinophils – Allergies and Parasites (Cont) c. Basophils – Seen in inflammation d. Lymphocytes – Immune Response – make antibodies, fights tumors e. Monocytes – Fight chronic infections like TB Leukemia: Suppressed bone marrow function Can’t fight disease Mononucleosis: Caused by the Epstein Barr Virus Monocytes are called into action Tired, achy, sore throat, sore and swollen glands Platelet Problems Thombus/Embolus: Clot forms, can cut off blood flow to organs Hemophilia: Bleeder’s disease, missing 1 of 13 clotting factors Platelet Deficiency: not enough platelets, bleed for no reason III. Hemostasis The steps to forming a blood clot.... 1. Platelets become sticky and cling to damaged site 2. Anchored platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets - Forms a platelet plug (white thrombus) 3. Platelets release serotonin, a chemical that causes the blood vessel to spasm. This narrows the vessel and decreases blood loss until clotting. 4. Chemical reactions galore result in fibrin, a meshwork that traps RBCs to make a clot. 5. Clot squeezes serum from the mass to dry it out. Fun Facts... This process takes 3-6 minutes. So why do we use dry gauze and pressure when we are bleeding? Gauze give platelets a place to stick and pressure increases the rate of the chemical reactions that need to occur. Cool!! Kickin’ Cardiovascular System I. System Anatomy Heart Blood Vessels Lymphatic II. System Physiology Transportation of Blood which contains: Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Nutrients Waste Hormones Disease Fighters (WBC’s) III. The Happy Heart Size of your fist Less than 1 pound Covered by pericardium Coronary arteries (blood vessels) – give heart blood 4 chambers – 2 atria (atrium) – receive blood, top of heart – 2 ventricles – discharge blood, bottom of heart Path of Blood Through the Heart 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Inferior/Superior Vena Cava (bring blood from body to heart) Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Pulmonary arteries Lungs – Release CO2 and picks up O2 Path of Blood Through the Heart 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle (biggest part) Aortic Semilunar Valve Aorta Arteries Capillaries (release O2 to cells, pick up CO2) Veins – Back to Heart AGAIN IV. Hip, Hip Hooray – Heart Physiology Atria collect blood Ventricles Discharge blood Soooo…. Ventricles are the actual pump. When they contract, blood moves. A. Double Pump System Right Side Pulmonary Circuit Receives oxygen poor blood from body Pumps to Lungs to pick up Oxygen and release carbon dioxide A. Double Pump System Left Side Systemic Circuit Receives Oxygen rich blood from lungs Pumps blood to body cells to supply them with oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide B. Valves 1. Prevent Backwash 2. Heartbeat B. Valves (cont) “lub”-bicuspid/tricuspid valve closing; longer and louder sound “dup”-Semilunars closing; shorter and sharper B. Arteries – Blood away from heart Take blood away from the heart No Valves High Pressure--thick walls with strong tunica media --strong and stretchy because close to the change in pressure (diastole) and close to the heart. C. Veins – Blood to heart Take blood toward the heart Valves to prevent backflow because... Low pressure Thin Walls Far from the heart and change in pressure Mechanical heart valve C. Intrinsic Conduction System Nodal System Atria beat at 60 beats/min Ventricles beat at 20-40 beats/min Nodal system unifies it to about 75 beats/min Nodal System 1. SA node Located in right atrium Pacemaker – starts the heartbeat and sets the pace for the whole heart Nodal System 2. AV Node Wringing contraction of ventricles from apex toward atria (ejects blood from heart) Cardiac Cycle Diastole Complete relaxation AV valves (bi and tricuspid) open Semilunar valves closed Atria empty blood into ventricles Pressure in heart is low Cardiac Cycle Systole Bi/Tricuspid close, Semilunar valves open Ventricles contract Blood rushes out of heart Pressure in heart is high Atria are filling V. Blood Vessels Superhighway for blood Microscopic Anatomy of Vessels Tunica interna (intima) – lines interior of vessels – made of endothelial tissue Tunica media –made of smooth muscle and elastic tissue Tunica externa – outermost layer – protects the vessels D. Capillaries Connect arteries to veins Very thin...Just tunica intima Transparent, one-cell layer thick GAS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE HERE Flow of blood through vessels AortaArteriesArterioles CapillariesVenulesVeins Vena Cava E. Blood Vessel Physiology 1. Arterial Pulse -Pressure wave created by the expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle. Average is 70-76 beats per minute Pulse points are listed in book. Take a look and try to find them on your body. 2. Blood Pressure * Pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels. * Force that keeps blood circulating between beats * Pressure in arteries near the heart Systolic: Pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic: Pressure when ventricles are relaxing Procedure for taking blood pressure 1. Pump up to about 150 (exceed systolic). Stops blood flow. 2. Reduce pressure in cuff while listening carefully. 3. When first soft tapping sounds are heard, SYSTOLIC 4. As pressure is reduced, sounds get louder. When no sounds, record DIASTOLIC 3. What messes up blood pressure? * Friction in Blood Vessel (viscosity, atherosclerosis) 3. What messes up blood pressure? * Nervous System (narrows vessels)-fear, exercise, blood loss 3. What messes up blood pressure? * Kidneys (alter blood volume) 3. What messes up blood pressure? * Temperature (cold restricts vessels, hot dilates vessels) 3. What messes up blood pressure? * Chemicals (alcohol & histamines dilate, nicotine constricts) Cardiovascular System Heart/Lung Model Project Your task is to construct a three dimensional model of a human heart and lungs. You may use any kind of materials you choose; however, your model must have all of the following structures: 1. Four heart chambers 2. The bicuspid and tricuspid valves in the correct locations 3. The aortic semilunar and pulmonary semilunar valves in the correct locations 4. The septum 5. The inferior vena cava in the correct location 6. The superior vena cava in the correct location 7. The pulmonary arteries and veins in the correct locations 8. The aorta in the correct location. 9. Both lungs properly attached to the heart with pulmonary arteries and veins ALL STRUCTURES MUST BE CLEARLY AND CORRECTLY LABELED. Once your model is complete you must meet with the teacher and explain how blood flows through the heart, lungs and body. You will be allowed to make corrections until you meet all requirements listed above. Leaping Lymphatic System I. System Anatomy Lymphatic vessels Lymph Nodes Lymph organs and tissues II. System Physiology Returns lost excess tissue fluid (lymph) to the blood Only flows toward the heart III. Lymph Nodes Removes foreign material like bacteria and tumor cells Produces lymphocytes (remember them?) Macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria, virus, and foreign substances as lymph is filtered through the nodes and before its returned to the blood. Kidney-shaped and are less than 1 inch. They are buried. Lymph nodes are working hard if they get inflammed and tender. If large and not painful, often a sign of cancer. IV. Lymph Organs A. Spleen Filters the blood of bacteria, virus, debris Destroy worn out RBCs Recycle products to the liver Stores platelets Blood resevoir— empties during hemorrages IV. Lymph Organs B. Thymus - Programs the lymphocytes (peaks during youth, then tapers) IV. Lymph Organs C. Tonsils - Trap and remove any bacteria or foreign pathogens IV. Lymph Organs D. Peyer’s Patch - In Small intestine to trap and kill bacteria there. Yucky job!!