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The Scientific Revolution What Was the Scientific Revolution? • • • • A revolution in human understanding and knowledge about the physical universe 17th century Began with Kepler, Galileo Ended with Newton “Science” Before the Scientific Revolution • Based almost entirely on reasoning • Experimental method or observation wasn’t used at all • Science in medieval times • Alchemy • Astrology A medieval alchemist Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method • 1561–1626 • English philosopher and empiricist • Inductive reasoning • Argued for experimental methodology The Scientific Method Science as a multiple-step process: 1. Observe an 2. Develop a object or theory that phenomenon explains the object or phenomenon 3. Test the theory with experiments Models of the Universe: Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Geocentric: the Earth is at the center of the universe; all heavenly bodies move around the Earth Heliocentric: the Sun is at the center of the universe; all heavenly bodies move around the Sun—including the Earth Nicholas Copernicus (1473– 1543) • Polish astronomer and mathematician • Commentariolus (1514) • Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (1543) Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) • Italian mathematician, astronomer • “Father of Science” • Telescopes and astronomical discoveries • Theory of falling objects; disproved Aristotle Galileo’s telescopic drawing of the moon Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World • Galileo’s major work • Written in 1632 • Argued in favor of the heliocentric model of the universe Frontspiece from the Dialogue; from left to right, the figures shown are Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Copernicus Galileo vs. the Catholic Church • The church condemned heliocentric conceptions of the universe • The Roman Inquisition • Galileo’s trial • Galileo recants, put under house arrest 19th-century depiction of Galileo before the Inquisition tribunal Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) • English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician • Synthesized the works of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo • The Principia Newton’s Laws of Motion • First Law: Law of Inertia • Second Law: Fundamental Law of Dynamics • Third Law: Law of Reciprocal Actions Medicine Before the Scientific Revolution Illustration depicting a bloodletting, an accepted medical procedure before the Scientific Revolution • Based on tradition • The Church William Harvey (1578–1657) • English physician • On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals • Described the functioning of the heart and circulatory system • Disproved Galen’s theories New Invention: The Telescope • Invented in the Netherlands • Galileo • Newton Illustration of Galileo at his telescope New Invention: The Microscope • Hans Janssen • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek • Robert Hooke Hooke’s drawing of a flea (from Micrographia) A Janssen microscope, c.1600 New Invention: The Pendulum Clock • Invented by Christiaan Huygens, a 17thcentury Dutch scientist • Allowed scientists to more accurately measure time Huygens’s design for a pendulum clock New Invention: Barometer • Invented by 17th-century Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli • The barometer measures air pressure Torricelli’s barometer experiment New Invention: Thermometer • Invented in the 17th century by Santorio Santorio, an Italian scientist • Ferdinand II • Gabriel Fahrenheit • Anders Celsius Santorio Santorio Illustration depicting Santorio’s thermometer New Invention: Mechanical Calculator Wilhelm Schickard • Invented by Wilhelm Schickard, a 17thcentury German inventor • Gottfried von Leibniz’s “Step Reckoner” A 1624 sketch Schickard made of his calculator The Significance of the Scientific Revolution • Abandonment of ancient and medieval systems • Development of the scientific method • The Enlightenment
