Download Vital Signs

Vital Signs
Vital Signs
• Homeostasis
– state of equilibrium
• Vital Signs
– body functions essential
to life
– assessment of
•
•
•
•
pulse
respiration
blood pressure
temperature
The Pulse
• Pulse:
– Measures HR
– Blood vessels expand &
contract when heart beats
– Reflects condition of CV
system
– Normal RHR = 60 to 100
bpm
– Heart Facts
Pulse Sites
Location of pulse sites:
• carotid artery (neck)
• brachial artery (anterior
elbow)
• radial artery ( wrist)
• femoral artery (inguinal)
• popliteal (posterior knee)
• dorsalis pedis (top of foot)
• posterior tibial (medial ankle)
The Pulse
Arrhythmias
• disorder of HR or rhythm
• caused by malfunction of
electrical system
1. Tachycardia
- RHR higher than 100 bpm
2. Bradycardia
- RHR below 60 bpm
3. Irregular
- uneven heartbeats or skipping
of beats
The Pulse
• Rapid but weak pulse
– Shock
– Dehydration
– Heat exhaustion
• Rapid and strong
– Heat stroke
– Hypertension (high blood
pressure)
Circulatory System
• Blood Vessels
– tubes that transports blood
– carries O2 and nutrients to
all cells and tissues
– carries CO2 and other
wastes away from cells
– body has approx 60,000
miles of blood vessels
Circulatory System
Types of blood vessels
– Arteries & Arterioles
• carry O2 blood away from
heart to all body cells and
tissues
– Veins & Venules
• carry deoxygenated blood to
the heart from body cells
– Capillaries
• connects arterioles and
venules
– Blood Vessels
Human Heart Facts
• Facts
–
–
–
–
Size of your fist
Adult female – 8 oz
Adult male – 10 oz
Beats approximately
100,000 times a day
– Pumps about 2,000
gallons of blood a day
Structures of the Heart
4 Chambers of the Heart
• Atriums
– Upper chambers (right & left)
– Collects blood
• Ventricles
– Lower chambers (right and left)
– Pumps blood
• Septum
– Wall that divides heart in right
and left halves
– Atrial and Ventricular septum
Dissected Heart
Heart Valves
Heart Valves - keeps blood
flowing in one
direction
1.tricuspid valve
2.bicuspid valve (mitral)
3.aortic valve
4.pulmonary valve
Other Structures of the Heart
Chordae Tendinae
– “strings” that open and close
heart valves
Papillary Muscle
– Mounds of muscle to which
chordae tendinae attach
Pericardium
– Fluid filled sac that surrounds
the heart
Myocardium
– Thick middle muscle layer
Locate the following:
1. right atrium
2. right ventricle
3. tricuspid valve
4. ventricular septum
5. left atrium
6. right atrium
7. papillary muscle
8. cordae tendinae
Major Blood Vessels of Heart
• Aorta
– Blood from heart to body
• Pulmonary Artery
– From heart to lungs
• Pulmonary Vein
– From lungs to heart
• Vena Cavas
– From body to heart
• Coronary Artery
– Supplies blood to
heart muscle
Diagram of the Heart
• Blood flow
Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
– pressure exerted by
circulating blood against
the walls of arteries
• Systolic (top #)
– ventricles contracting
• Diastolic (bottom #)
– ventricles relaxing
– atriums contracting
Blood Pressure
Normal – 120/80
Abnormal systolic:
• below 100 or above140
Abnormal diastolic:
• below 65 or above 90
• Measuring Blood
Pressure
Blood Pressure
• Hypertension
– high blood pressure
– indicator of cardiac
problems and strokes
• Hypotension
– low blood pressure
– could indicate shock,
dehydration or internal
bleeding
Respiration
• Respiration (breathing)
– brings O2 into body while
taking CO2 out of body
• Single respiration
– one inspiration (in) and
one expiration (out)
Respiration
15 years and older
• 15 to 20 breaths per
minute
Well-trained athlete
• 6 to 8 breaths per minute
Abnormal Respiration in
Athletes
Asthma
• bronchial tubes constrict
• wheezing sound
Bronchitis
• inflammation of bronchial
tubes
• difficulty breathing
Fx or bruised ribs
• painful to breath
• fx could puncture a lung
Temperature
Temperature
• internal body temp
• normal – 98.6º F
• abnormal
– illness
– heat exhaustion
– heat stroke
Emergency Care
• Key to dealing with
emergencies:
– Establish and implement
Emergency Action Plan
(EAP)
– Careful observation of
athlete
– Accurate measurement of
vital signs
• CPR
• 911
Assessments
Assessment
• evaluation of a patient’s
physical condition
• look, listen, touch (palpate)
Visual observations include:
• deformities
• discoloration
• inability to function
• incoherent
Types of Assessments
Primary Survey
• examination to determine life
threatening injuries
- Performed 1st
- If conscious, move to
secondary survey
Secondary Survey
• head to toe physical exam
–pinpoint injury or condition
–still could be emergency
situation
Primary Survey
Primary Survey
• A = airway
• Breathing?
• Not, open airway
• Protect cervical spine
• B = breathing
• C = circulation
• Assess pulse
• No pulse? CPR and 911
Secondary Survey
• History
– consciousness, MOI,
symptoms
• Observation
– Looking for swelling,
discoloration, deformities
• Palpation
– Touch and feel injured
area
• Special Tests
– ROM, strength testing,
specific tests
SOAP Notes
Subjective
• History and subjective info
• What the athlete tells you
• MOI, pain, symptoms
Objective
• What you observe
• Measurements and tests
Assessment
• Likely diagnosis
Plan
• Treatment plan
• RICE, NSAIDS, rehab, ect….