Download Revision Class 1

REVISION SESSION
Prepared by;
Mrs. Saidatul
Biomedical Electronic Program
University Malaysia Perlis
Topics;
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The Human Body: An orientation
Cells and Tissues
Blood
The Cardiovascular System
The Respiratory System
The Nervous System
Tuesday
2pm – 4pm
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The Human Body: An orientation
Cells and Tissues
Blood
Cardiovascular System
Wednesday
2pm-3pm
• The Respiratory System
• The Nervous System
Human Anatomy : An Orientation
The Human Body: An Orientation
• Anatomy
- Study of the structure and shape of
the body and its parts
• Physiology
- Study of how the body and its parts
work or function
Anatomy—Levels of Study
• Gross anatomy
- Large structures
- Easily observable
• Microscopic Anatomy
- Very small structures
- Can only be viewed with a microscope
Levels of Structural Organization
• Integumentary
Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
• Skeletal
Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
• Muscular
Produces movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat
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Nervous
Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
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Endocrine
Secretes regulator hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
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Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
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Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
• Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
• Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
• Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
• Reproductive
Produces offspring
Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain boundaries
• Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
Break-down and absorption of nutrients
• Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
Produces energy
Makes body structures
• Excretion
Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
• Reproduction
Produces future generation
• Growth
Increases cell size and number of cells
Survival Needs
• Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins,
and minerals
• Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
• Water
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure
Must be appropriate
Interrelationships Among Body
Systems
• Homeostasis
- Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable
internal environment
- A dynamic state of equilibrium
- Homeostasis is necessary for normal
body functioning and to sustain life
- Homeostatic imbalance
- A disturbance in homeostasis resulting
in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through neural and hormonal
control systems
• Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
Sends information to control center
• Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
• Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
• Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable
farther
In the body this only occurs in blood
clotting and
during the birth of a baby
Cells and Tissues
• Active Transport Processes
• Passive Transport Processes
• Mitosis (PMAT)
- Stages of Mitosis
• Meoisis
Body Tissues
• Primary Types
– Epithelial Tissue
– Connective Tissue
– Nervous Tissue
– Muscle Tissue
√ Cuboidal, Squamous, Columnar.. Location?
√ Example for each type
BLOOD
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The only fluid tissue in the human body
Classified as a connective tissue
Components of blood
- Living cells
Formed elements
- Non-living matrix
Plasma
Physical Characteristics of Blood
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Color range
- Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
- Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
pH must remain between 7.35–7.45
Blood temperature is slightly higher than body
temperature at 100.4°F
In a healthy man, blood volume is about 5–6 liters or
about 6 quarts
Blood makes up 8% of body weight
Blood Plasma
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Composed of approximately 90% water
Includes many dissolved substances
- Nutrients
- Salts (electrolytes)
- Respiratory gases
- Hormones
- Plasma proteins
- Waste products
Plasma proteins
- Most abundant solutes in plasma
- Most plasma proteins are made by liver
- Various plasma proteins include
Albumin—regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins
- help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Antibodies
- help protect the body from pathogens
Formed Elements
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Erythrocytes
- Red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes
- White blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
Cell fragments
Hematopoiesis
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Blood cell formation
Occurs in red bone marrow
All blood cells are derived from a
common stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Hemocytoblast differentiation
Lymphoid stem cell produces
lymphocytes
Myeloid stem cell produces all other
formed elements
Control of Erythrocyte
Production
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Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin)
Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to
reduced oxygen levels in the blood
Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from
blood oxygen levels
Controlled by hormones
- Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
- Thrombopoietin stimulates production of
platelets
Hemostasis
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Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood
vessel
Hemostasis involves three phases
- Vascular spasms
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation (blood clotting)
Vascular spasms
- Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm
- Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
Platelet plug formation
- Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
- Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
- Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more
platelets
- Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
• Coagulation
Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)
PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein
clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a
clotting cascade
Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to
thrombin (an enzyme)
• Coagulation
Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like
molecules of insoluble fibrin
Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
• Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
• The clot remains as endothelium regenerates
• The clot is broken down after tissue repair
Undesirable Clotting
Thrombus
• A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
• Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Embolus
• A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely
in the bloodstream
• Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as
the brain
Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytopenia
• Platelet deficiency
• Even normal movements can cause
bleeding from small blood vessels that
require platelets for clotting
Hemophilia
• Hereditary bleeding disorder
• Normal clotting factors are missing
Cardiovascular System
Anatomy of Heart
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Valve
Chamber
Structures
Blood flow through aortic and semilunar
valve for right and left side.
Systemic and Pulmonary
Circulations
• Systemic circulation
– Blood flows from the left side of the heart
through the body tissues and back to the right
side of the heart
• Pulmonary circulation
– Blood flows from the right side of the heart to
the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
Heart Contractions
The heart : Cardiac Cycles
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular
filling
Atrial
contraction
Mid-to-late diastole
(ventricular filling)
Isovolumetric
Ventricular
contraction phase ejection phase
Isovolumetric
relaxation
Ventricular systole
(atria in diastole)
Early diastole
The Heart – Cardiac Output
• Cardiac output (CO)
– Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of
the heart in one minute
• Stroke volume (SV)
– Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one
contraction (each heartbeat)
– Usually remains relatively constant
– About 70 mL of blood is pumped out of the left
ventricle with each heartbeat
• Heart rate (HR)
– Typically 75 beats per minute
• CO = HR  SV
• CO = HR (75 beats/min)  SV (70
mL/beat)
• CO = 5250 mL/min
• Starling’s law of the heart—the more the
cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger
the contraction
• Changing heart rate is the most common
way to change cardiac output
• Arterial supply of the brain
• Fetal circulation
• Hepatic Portal Circulation
Arterial Supply of the Brain
Fetal Circulation
Hepatic Portal Circulation
THANK YOU