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Chapter 10 Diseases and Conditions of the Circulatory System Copyright Elsevier Inc.Inc. All All rights reserved. Copyright©©2005 2005byby Elsevier rights reserved. Slide 1 Orderly Function of the Circulatory System Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Coronary artery disease: A condition : www.faqs.org/.../Cardiovascular-Disease.html involving the arteries that supply the myocardium, in which the arteries become narrowed due to atherosclerotic deposits over time, causing temporary cardiac ischemia and eventually heart attack Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Coronary Artery Disease (cont’d.) Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. http://medirec.ncvc.go.jp/cgi-bin/get_file?FILE_NAME=S2004081157300002.jpg Myocardial infarction: (MI) - Death of myocardial tissue caused by the development of ischemia Most common cause is coronary thrombosis. Slide 4 Hypertensive Heart Disease Hypertensive heart disease: A condition caused by chronically elevated pressure throughout the vascular system. Most prevalent cardiovascular disorder in the U.S. Essential hypertension Malignant hypertension Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Congestive Heart Failure: An acute or chronic inability of the heart to pump enough blood throughout the body Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. www.heartcarecenters.com/images/CHF.jpg Slide 6 Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy: A noninflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle resulting in enlargement of myocardium and ventricular dysfunction three groups: dilated - degeneration of myocardial fibers hypertrophic - small left ventricle restrictive - thickening of myocardium Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Rheumatic Fever Rheumatic fever: a systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease involving the joints and cardiac tissue generally preceded by sore throat caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Cardiac Tamponade Cardiac tamponade is an emergency condition that requires hospitalization. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Shock Shock: collapse of the cardiovascular system, including vasodilation and fluid shift accompanied by inefficient cardiac output Cardiogenic shock: inadequate output of blood by the heart when the myocardium fails to pump effectively Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Causes of Shock anaphylaxis hemorrhage sepsis respiratory distress heart failure neurologic failure emotional catastrophe severe metabolic insult Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 The Vascular System www.siumed.edu/~dking2/bluehist/VesWall.jpg Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Vascular Conditions Arteriosclerosis: a condition that occurs when the walls of the arterioles thicken, with loss of elasticity and contractility Atherosclerosis: a thickening and hardening of the arteries that occurs when plaques of cholesterol and lipids form in the arterial tunica intima Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Vascular Conditions Raynaud disease Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Varicose veins Slide 14 Blood Dyscrasias Deviations or malfunctioning of the blood system Sites of blood cell formation Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Blood Dyscrasias (cont’d.) Anemia: a condition in which there is a reduction in the quantity of either red blood cells or hemoglobin, reducing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen to the cells Symptoms: fatigue, pale appearance Diagnostic factors: reduced red blood cell numbers, reduced hemoglobin levels, changes in morphology of corpuscles Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Leukemias Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. www.taconichills.k12.ny.us/.../Leukemiapic.gif Malignant neoplasms of the blood-forming organs that produce an abnormal, uncontrolled clonal proliferation of one specific type of blood cell in the lymphoid or myeloid cell lines Slide 17 Transfusion Incompatibility Reaction Transfusion incompatibility reaction: a condition that results when the blood or blood product transfused has antibodies to the recipient red blood cells or the recipient has antibodies to the donor’s red blood cells Characteristics of the most severe transfusion reactions are hemolysis and agglutenation. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Early Signs of Hemophilia male child with: unexplained prolonged bleeding noticeable hematomas easy bruising excessive nose bleeds Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19