Download The Circulatory System

27-1
The Cardiovascular System
Biology 11
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-2
Learning Outcomes
27.1 Describe the structure of the heart and the
function of each part.
27.2 Trace the flow of blood through the heart.
27.3 List the most common heart sounds and what
events produce them.
27.4 Explain how heart rate is controlled by the
electrical conduction system of the heart.
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27-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
27.5 List the different types of blood vessels and
describe the functions of each.
27.6 Define blood pressure and tell how it is
controlled.
27.7 Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary
and systemic circulation.
27.8 List the major arteries and veins of the body and
describe their locations.
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27-4
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
27.9 List and describe the components of blood.
27.10 Give the functions of red blood cells, the different
types of white blood cells, and platelets.
27.11 List the substances normally found in plasma.
27.12 Explain how bleeding is controlled.
27.13 Explain the differences among blood types A, B,
AB, and O.
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27-5
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
27.14 Explain the difference between Rh-positive blood
and Rh-negative blood.
27.15 Explain the importance of blood typing and tell
which blood types are compatible.
27.16 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and
treatments of various diseases and disorders of
the cardiovascular system.
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27-6
Part 1
HEART STRUCTURES
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27-7
Introduction

The cardiovascular system consists of heart and
blood vessels

It sends blood to



Lungs for oxygen
Digestive system for nutrients
It also circulates waste products to certain organ
systems for removal from the blood
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27-8
The Heart: Structures

The heart is an organ
about the size of a
loose fist

Located slightly left of
the midline
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The Heart: Structures (cont.)

The Heart has 4 chambers
 Two atria



Upper chambers
Left and right
Separated by a septum

Two ventricles



Lower chambers
Left and right
Separated by a septum
Click for
View of
Heart
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The Heart Valves: Structures (cont.)




Tricuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back
into the right atrium when the right ventricle
contracts
Bicuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts
Pulmonary valve – prevents blood from flowing
back into the right ventricle
Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back Click for
View of
into the left ventricle
Heart
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Part 2
CARDIAC CIRCULATION
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27-13
The Heart: Blood Flow
Deoxygenated
blood in from
body
Oxygenated
blood out to
body
Oxygenated
blood in lungs
Deoxygenated
blood out
to lungs
Atria Contract
Ventricles Contract
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27-14
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The Heart: Blood Flow (cont.)
Right
Atrium
Tricuspid
Valve
Right
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Valve
Body
Lungs
Aortic
Valve
Left
Ventricle
Bicuspid
Valve
Left
Atrium
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27-16
The Heart: Cardiac Cycle

One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle
Atria contract and relax
Ventricles contract and relax



Right atrium contracts



Tricuspid valve opens
Blood fills right ventricle
Right ventricle contracts




Tricuspid valve closes
Pulmonary semilunar valve
opens
Blood flows into pulmonary
artery
Left atrium contracts



Bicuspid valve opens
Blood fills left ventricle
Left ventricle contracts



Bicuspid valve closes
Aortic semilunar valve
opens
Blood pushed into aorta
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27-17
Part 3
HEART BEAT
CARDIAC RHYTHM
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The Heart: Heart Sounds

One cardiac cycle – two heart sounds (lubb
and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shut

Lubb – First sound


When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and
bicuspid valves snap shut
Dubb – Second sound

When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic
valves snap shut
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Part 4
CIRCULATION AROUND THE
BODY
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Blood Vessels: Arteries and Arterioles



Strongest of the
blood vessels
Carry blood away
from the heart
Under high pressure


Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation

Arterioles


Aorta


Small branches of
arteries
Takes blood from the
heart to the body
Coronary arteries

Supply blood to heart
muscle
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Blood Vessels: Veins and Venules


Blood under no pressure in
veins

Does not move very easily

Skeletal muscle contractions
help move blood

Moves blood BACK to the
heart
Valves prevent backflow

Venules


Small vessels formed when
capillaries merge
Superior and inferior vena
cava

Largest veins

Carry blood into right atrium
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Blood Vessels: Capillaries

Branches of arterioles

Smallest type of blood vessel

Connect arterioles to venules

Only about one cell layer thick

Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into
a body cell

Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of
a body cell into a capillary
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Circulation

Pulmonary circuit
right atrium  right ventricle  pulmonary artery
trunk  pulmonary arteries  lungs 
pulmonary veins  heart (left atrium)

Systemic circuit
left atrium  left ventricle  aorta  arteries 
arterioles  capillaries  venules  veins 
vena cava  heart (right atrium)
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Systemic Circulatory System
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Circulation (cont.)

Arterial system

Carry oxygen-rich blood
away from the heart

Pulmonary arteries carry
oxygen-poor blood

Paired – left and right
artery of the same name
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27-29
Circulation (cont.)

Venous system

Carries oxygenpoor blood toward
the heart



Hepatic portal system

Collection of veins
carrying blood to the
liver
Except pulmonary
veins
Most large veins
have the same
names as the
arteries they are
next to
Click for Larger View
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27-30
Part 5
BLOOD PRESSURE
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27-31
Apply Your Knowledge
How do arteries control blood pressure?
ANSWER: The muscular walls of arteries can constrict to
increase blood pressure or dilate to decrease blood
pressure.
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27-32
Blood Pressure

Force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels



Systolic pressure



Ventricles contract
Blood pressure is at its greatest in the arteries
Diastolic pressure



Highest in arteries
Lowest in veins
Ventricles relax
Blood pressure in arteries is at its lowest
Reported as the systolic number over the diastolic number
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27-33
Apply Your Knowledge
What is the difference between the systolic pressure
and diastolic pressure?
ANSWER: Systolic pressure is the result of the
contraction of the ventricles increasing the pressure in
the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the result of the
relaxation of the ventricles lowering the pressure in the
arteries.
Good Answer!
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27-34
Apply Your Knowledge
Do pulmonary arteries carry blood with high levels of
oxygen or low levels of oxygen?
ARTERIES: Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.
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27-35
Part 6
BLOOD
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27-36
Blood

A tissue made up of:




Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
White blood cells
(leukocytes)
Platelets – cell
fragments
Plasma – fluid part of
blood
Average-sized adult has
4 to 6 liters of blood
Amount depends on:
 Size of person
 Amount of adipose tissue
 Concentrations of ions
 Females have less than
males
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Blood Components

Hematocrit


The % of red blood cells
Normally about 45%

White cells and platelets
about 1% of blood volume

Plasma = 54% of blood
volume
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27-38
Blood Components: Red Blood Cells




Erythrocytes
Transport oxygen throughout the body
Small biconcave-shaped cells
Hemoglobin is a pigment in RBCs


Oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen; bright red
Deoxyhemoglobin does not carry oxygen; darker red



Carries carbon dioxide, so also called carboxyhemoglobin
Anemia – low RBC count
Erythropoietin – regulates production of RBCs
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Blood Components: Red Blood Cells (cont.)
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Blood Components: Platelets


Also called thrombocytes
Important in the clotting process of blood

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27-41
Platelet plug
formation:
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Clot Formation
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Blood Components: Plasma


Liquid portion of blood
composed mostly of water
Proteins



Smallest plasma proteins
Pull water in to help
maintain blood pressure
Globulins – transport lipids
and fat-soluble vitamins
Fibrinogen – needed for
blood clotting
Nutrients



Albumins







Amino acids
Glucose
Nucleotides
Lipids from the digestive
tract
Gases – oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and nitrogen
Electrolytes
Waste products
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27-44
Part 7
BLOOD TYPES
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Blood Types

Types are distinguished
by antigen and
antibodies




Antigen A
Antigen B
Combination A + B
(AB)
Lack of Antigens
(called O Type)
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Blood Types (cont.)
Blood Type
Antigen
Present
Antibody
Present
Blood That Can
Be Received
A
A
B
A and O
B
B
A
B and O
AB
AB
None
A, B, AB, and O
O
None
A and B
O
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27-47
Blood Types


Rh antigen – protein on
RBCs

RBCs contain the
Rh antigen
Rh-negative

RBCs do not contain
the Rh antigen
Rh-positive blood is
given to Rh-negative
person
 Antibodies form
Rh-positive


- Rhesus Factor

If Rh-negative person
receives more Rhpositive blood


Antibodies bind to the
donor cells
Agglutination occurs
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27-48
Apply Your Knowledge
True or False:
ANSWER:
__
F Hematocrit is the percentage of WBCs in the blood.
RBCs
__
T Neutrophils destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the bloodstream.
__
T Platelets are important to the clotting process. pulls water into
__
F Albumin is a small plasma protein that pushes water out of the bloodstream.
__
T Hemostasis is the control of bleeding.
can receive any type of blood
__
F A person with type AB blood can only receive type AB blood.
__
T Blood should be matched for Rh factor.
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27-49
Part 8
HEART DISEASE
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
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27-50
Chest Pain – Possible Causes:

Cardiac




Myocardial infarction
Angina
Pericarditis
Coronary spasm

Non-cardiac





All complaints of
chest pain should be
taken seriously!


Heartburn
Panic attacks
Pleurisy
Costochondritis
Pulmonary embolism
Sore muscles
Broken ribs
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Chest Pain (cont.)

Determine cause








Electrocardiogram
Stress tests
Blood tests
Chest x-ray
Nuclear scan
Coronary
catheterization
Echocardiogram
Endoscopy
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Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System
Disease
Anemia
Description
Aneurysm
The blood does not have enough red blood cells
or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of
oxygen to the body’s cells
A ballooned, weakened arterial wall
Arrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms
Carditis
Inflammation of the heart
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the innermost lining of the
heart, including valves
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Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disease
Description
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the membranes that surround
the heart (pericardium)
Congestive
Heart Failure
Weakening of the heart over time; heart is
unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s
needs
Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries
Disease (CAD) caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits
within the arteries
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27-54
Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disease
Description
Hypertension
High blood pressure; consistent resting blood
pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg
Leukemia
Bone marrow produces a large number of
abnormal WBCs
Murmurs
Abnormal heart sounds
Myocardial
Infarction
Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a
lack of blood supply
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Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disease
Description
Sickle Cell
Anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change
to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in
capillaries
Thalassemia
Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin
chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs
Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein
Varicose Veins
Twisted, dilated veins
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27-56
Apply Your Knowledge
The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How
would you explain this to the her?
ANSWER: Anemia is a condition in which a person does not
have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood to
carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells.
Bravo!
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27-57
In Summary

Cardiovascular system



Transport system for body
Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
Blood


Transport medium
RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma
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27-58
Your work is to
discover your
world and then
with all your
heart give
yourself to it.
~ Buddha
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved