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Cardiovascular System
Standard Deviants: Circulatory
System Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the main functions of the CV system?
What are the names of the chambers of the heart?
Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?
What structures in the heart prevent blood from
backing up into the atria? How many are there?
5. What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
6. Arteries carry what type of blood?
7. Veins carry what type of blood?
8. What makes the “lub-dub” heart sound?
9. What organ is the first to receive oxygen rich blood?
10. What’s the diff between “tachycardia” and
“bradycardia”?
Functions
of the Cardiovascular System
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Transport nutrients and O2 to body
Transport waste
Distribute hormones & antibodies
Help control body temp
Help maintain homeostasis
Types of Circulation
 Pulmonary: Right side of heart pumps O2
poor blood to lungs where CO2
exchanged for O2
 Systemic: Left side of heart pumps O2
rich blood to body
Heart Structures
 Heart:
 hollow muscular
organ
 4 chambers
 In thoracic cavity
between lungs
 Tilted slightly to left
 Contains own blood
supply
Heart Structures
 Atria
 Two upper chambers
of the heart
 R atrium receives low
O2 blood from body
 L atrium receives O2
blood from lungs
Heart Structures
 Ventricles
 Lower chambers of
heart
 Pumping chambers
 Pump under high
pressure
Heart Structures
 Myocardial Septum
 Separating wall or
partition of heart
chambers in right and
left halves
Heart Valves
 Atrioventricular
 Tricuspid valve
 between right atrium
and right ventricle
 Mitral or bicuspid
valve
 between left atrium
and left ventricle
Heart Valves
 Semilunar
 Pulmonary valve
 Between right
ventricle and the
pulmonary artery
 Aortic valve
 Between left ventricle
and aorta
Heart Structures
 Pericardium
 Double membrane
covering heart
 Outer fibrous layer
 Inner watery layerepicardium
 Provides protection;
reduces friction
Heart Structures
 Myocardium
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Muscular
Pumps blood
 Endocardium
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Smooth inner layer
Prevents damage to
blood cells
Path of Blood Through Heart
 Low O2 blood from
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upper body to superior
Low O2 blood from lower
body to inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Path of Blood Through Heart
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O2 blood from lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Body
How the Heart Contracts
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Sinoatrial nodes (SA node)
 Natural pacemaker
Atrioventricular node (AV
node)
Bundle of His
Perkinje fibers
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Surround ventricles
Causes contractions
Normal heart rate: 60-90
beats per minute (bpm)
Main Blood Vessels
 Arteries
 Veins
 Capillaries
Circulation
 Arteries
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Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Largest artery: Aorta
Carry O2 blood except for pulmonary arteries
Muscular layers withstand high pressure
Divide into smaller branches called arterioles
which connect to capillaries
Circulation
 Capillaries
 Connect arterioles
and venules
 Smallest vessels-one
cell thick
 Allows exchange of
gases, nutrients, and
waste products
Circulation
 Veins
 Carry blood to heart
 Largest: superior &
inferior vena cava
 Carry low oxygenated
blood except for
pulmonary veins
 Branch into smaller
venules
 Have one way valves
to prevent back flow
of blood
Assessment Techniques
Pulse
 The pressure of the blood pushing against
the wall of an artery as the heart beats and
rests
 More easily felt in arteries that lie close to
skin and pressed against bone
Pulse Points
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Temporal-temple
Carotid-neck-emergencies
Brachial-inner aspect of elbow-B/P
Radial-wrist-most common site for pulse
Femoral-groin
Popliteal-knee
Pedal-top of foot
Pulse Rates
 Noted as number beats per minute
 Varies due to age, sex, body size
 Adult: 60-90
 Men: 60-70
 Women: 70-80
 Children
 >7: 72-90
 1-7: 80-120
 Infants: 100-140
Factors Affecting Pulse Rate
 Increased rates:
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Exercise/excitement
Stimulant drugs
Shock
Nervous tension
 Decreased rates:
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Sleep
Depressant drugs
Heart disease
Coma
Blood Pressure
 Force of blood against walls of arteries
 Systolic pressure:
 When heart contracts
 Normal range: 110-140
 Diastolic pressure:
 When heart relaxed
 Normal range: <100
 Written as fraction:
 Systolic over diastolic
 Normal: <120/80 mmHg
Individual Factors Influencing B/P
 Increase:
 Excitement, anxiety, nervous tension
 Stimulant drugs
 Exercise and eating
 Decrease:
 Rest or sleep
 Depressant drugs
 Excessive blood loss
Disorders of CV System
Aneurysm
 Aneurysm
 enlargement of the
wall of an artery
 Most likely to occur in
large blood vessels
Atherosclerosis
 Accumulation of fat in
vessels causing
narrowing
 Mainly coronary
arteries
 Leads to hardening
and thickening of
arterial walls:
arteriosclerosis
 Leads to hypertension
Cardiovascular Disease
 AKA: Coronary Artery Disease
 Combined effects of arteriosclerosis,
atherosclerosis, hypertension
Hypertension
 AKA: high blood pressure; the silent killer
 Causes:
 Unknown
 Hereditary
 CAD
 Symptoms:
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None
Headaches
Dizziness
Shortness of breath
Myocardial Infarction
 AKA: heart attack
 Causes:
 Obstruction of blood
vessels results in tissue
death
 Symptoms:
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Persistent chest pain
Nausea
Dizziness
Profuse sweating
 Will lead to cardiac arrest
if not treated
Phlebitis
 Inflammation of the
veins
 May form a clot
(thrombus)
 Cause:
 Damage to vessel wall
due to prolonged
sitting or standing
Varicose Veins
 Veins become
enlarged & ineffective
 Causes:
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Prolonged standing
Pregnancy
Obesity
Malformed valves
Blood and
Blood cells
Blood and Blood cells
 Average adult has 5-6 quarts of blood
which circulates every 20 seconds
 Composition
 78% water
 22% Various solids
Blood and Blood cells
 Plasma
 Fluid portion of blood
 Contains special
proteins that help
blood to clot
 Contains
carbohydrates,
proteins gases,
hormones, enzymes,
minerals, and waste
products
Types of blood cells
Erythrocytes
 Largest part of blood solids
 Live 120 days
 Produced by bone marrow of femur, hip,
sternum, humerus, vertebra, cranium
Erythrocytes
 Main function
 Transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide
 Hemoglobin
 Complex protein within each cell to which oxygen
attaches
Thrombocytes
 Platelets
 Causes blood to clot
Leukocytes
 Produced in bone
marrow and lymph
nodes
 Main function
 Fight infection
Leukocytes
 Two types
 Granulocytes
 Act as scavengers and
destroy most pathogens
Leukocytes
 Agranulocytes
 Basis of immune
system
Pathology of the
Circulatory System
Pathology : Circulatory System
 Thrombus
 Clot
 Blood clot attaches to
interior wall of vein or
artery
 Embolus
 A moving clot
Pathology : Circulatory System
 Leukemia
 Malignancy
characterized by a
progressive increase
of abnormal
leukocytes
 Anemia
 Disorder
characterized by
lower than normal
levels of red blood
cells in the blood
Pathology : Circulatory System
 Polycythemia
 Abnormal increase in
number of red cells
 Makes blood thicker &
slower flowing
 Septicemia
 AKA: blood poisoning
 Pathogens in blood
Pathology : Circulatory System
 Sickle cell anemia
 Genetic condition
 Malformed red cells
“sickle”
 No cure
Pathology : Circulatory System
 Thrombocytopenia
 Decreased platelets
 Due to:
 Drugs
 Radiation
 chemo
Pathology : Circulatory System
 Hemophilia
 Congenital condition
in which blood does
not clot normally
 Results in excessive
bleeding
Hemophilia
The End
Blood Typing
 Antigen-protein on red blood cells
 Antibody-immunity found in plasma
against certain antigens
 Agglutination=clumping=(+)
 Rh-another antigen on RBC
Blood Typing
Blood Type
Antigens
Antibodies
O
None
Anti-A & anti-B
A
A
Anti-B
B
B
Anti-A
AB
A and B
None
Anti-A Serum
Slide #1
Mr. Smith
Slide #2
Mr. Jones
Slide #3
Mr. Green
Slide #4
Mrs. Brown
Anti-B Serum
Anti-Rh
Serum
Blood Type