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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
E.C.G. Tutorial
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Calculate Heart Rate.
What is Axis ?
Normal ECG
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INTERPRETE THE ECG ?
Calculate Heart Rate.
SINUS TACHYCARDIA
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INTERPRETE THE ECG ?
Calculate Heart Rate.
SINUS BRADYCARDIA
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INTERPRETE THE ECG ?
SINUS ARHYTHMIA
Observe Variation in Heart Rate during Inspiration and Expiration.
[Increased Heart Rate during Inspiration]
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ECG Interpretation
-Calculate
Hear
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WHAT IS AXIS?
LEAD I
LEAD aVF
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WHAT IS AXIS?
aVF
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NORMAL
HYPERKALEMIA
HYPOKALEMIA
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INTERPRETE THE ECG ?
HYPERKALEMIA
Observe Tall T - wave
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INTERPRETE THE ECG ?
HYPOKALEMIA
Observe u - Wave
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INTERPRETE THE ECG ?
Calculate axis
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INTERPRETE THE ECG ?
Calculate PR – Interval.
FIRST DEGREE HEART BLOCK
[Increased PR - Interval]
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3rd Degree Heart Block
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INTERPRETE THE ECG ?
ANTEROLATERAL M I
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243. A patient undergoes cardiac transplantation for
severe idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Upon release from the
hospital, the patient is referred to a cardiac rehabilitation
program. The exercise technologist starts the patient on a
walking regimen. In transplant patients, stroke volume
may increase during exercise by which of the following
mechanisms?
• a. An increase in heart rate
• b. An increase in arterial blood pressure
• c. A decrease in venous compliance
• d. A decrease in myocardial contractility
• e. An increase in total peripheral resistance
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A 37-year-old woman undergoes a CT scan of the
abdomen, which reveals a large peritoneal mass. A
subsequent magnetic resonance angiography study
showed that the abdominal aorta was constricted to
one-half of its resting diameter. As a result, resistance
to blood flow through the vessel would be which of the
following?
• a. Decreased in half
• b. Decreased 16-fold
• c. Increased by 50%
• d. Doubled
• e. Increased 16-fold
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• A 38-year-old man has a murmur that ceases
with the onset of the second heart sound. The
second heart sound occurs at the onset of
which phase of the cardiac cycle?
• a. Isovolumetric contraction
• b. Rapid ejection
• c. Systole
• d. Isovolumetric relaxation
• e. Rapid ventricular filling
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A 24-year-old woman undergoes an annual physical
examination for participation on the varsity track team
at her college. While auscultating her heart sounds, the
sports medicine physician instructs the woman to take
in a deep inspiration. During this maneuver, he detects
splitting of the second heart sound. Which of the
following is the mechanism underlying this finding?
• a. A decrease in heart rate
• b. An increased left ventricular stroke volume
• c. Delayed closing of the aortic valve
• d. Delayed opening of the mitral valve
• e. Delayed closing of the pulmonic valve
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A 19-year-old male severs an artery in a motorcycle
accident. A bystander applies a tourniquet to stop the
bleeding. When the paramedics arrive, the blood
pressure of the injured man was only slightly
hypotensive and his pupils were reactive. The greatest
percentage of the redistributed blood volume came
from which of the following?
• a. Heart
• b. Aorta
• c. Arteries and arterioles
• d. Capillaries
• e. Venules and veins
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• The phases of the ventricular muscle action
potential are represented by the lettered
points on the diagram below. At which point
on the ventricular action potential is
membrane potential most dependent on
calcium permeability?
•
•
•
•
•
a. Point A
b. Point B
c. Point C
d. Point D
e. Point E
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• In the pressure-volume loop below, systole
begins at which of the following points?
•
•
•
•
•
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
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• At which of the following sites in the
cardiovascular system does the blood flow
lose the greatest amount of energy?
• a. Mitral valve
• b. Large arteries
• c. Arterioles
• d. Capillaries
• e. Venules
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THANK YOU
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