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PowerPoint® Lecture prepared by Jan Campbell
THE
BASI CS
SIXTH EDITION
Cardiovascular Disease:
Reducing Your Risk
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12
Cardiovascular Disease in the United States
An Epidemiological Overview
• Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
• 41% of all deaths in the U.S.
• Nearly 1 in 2.5
• Sudden cardiac deaths
• 61 million live with CVD
• 25% of women will die within 1 year of 1st heart attack
• Do you know someone who has had a heart problem?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1999 Total Cardiovascular Disease Age-Adjusted Death
Rates by State
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.1
Cardiovascular Disease in the United States
An Epidemiological Overview
• Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) (continued)
• 38% of men will die within 1 year of 1st heart attack
• Economic burden estimated to be $298 billion
• What do you suppose people can do to reduce their risk of
CVD?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Understanding the Cardiovascular System
• The Heart: A Mighty Machine
• Four chambers
• Two upper chambers are called atria
• Two lower chambers are called ventricles
• Valves regulate the flow of blood
• How many times during a 24 hour period does the heart
pump?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy of the Heart
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.2
Understanding the Cardiovascular System
• Steps in Function
• Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium
• Travels to right ventricle
• Through pulmonary artery to the lungs
(receives oxygen)
• From lungs to left atrium of heart
• Forced into left ventricle
• From left ventricle through aorta to all body parts
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
• Atherosclerosis
• Arteriosclerosis
• Early theories
• Inflammatory risk
• Syndrome X
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
• Coronary Heart Disease
• Greatest killer
• Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack
• Coronary thrombosis
• Collateral circulation
• Ventricular fibrillation
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
• Angina Pectoris
• Ischemia
• Treatments
• Arrhythmias
• Irregularity in heart rhythm
• Fibrillation
• Over 4 million Americans diagnosed
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
• Congestive Heart Failure
• 5 million Americans
• Congenital and Rheumatic Heart Disease
• 1 in 125 children (present at birth)
• Rheumatic caused by unresolved streptococcal infections
• Antibodies attack the heart
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
• Stroke
• Blood supply to brain is interrupted
• Thrombus (blood clot)
• Embolus (a wandering clot)
• Aneurysm (a weakening in blood vessel that causes
bulge or burst)
• Killed more than 159,000 in 1999
• Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) brief interruption
• Warning signs
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Common Blood Vessel Disorders
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.3
Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
• Risks You Can Control
• Avoid tobacco
• Cut back on fats and cholesterol
• Changing lifestyle v. cholesterol lowering drugs
• Reduce saturated fats
• Lose weight if your weight is high
• What types of activities will you begin to change today?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 12.1
Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
• Risks You Can Control (continued)
• Modify dietary habits
• Step into or maintain exercise
• Control diabetes
• Control your blood pressure
• Hypertension “silent killer”
• Manage stress
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 12.2
Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
• Risks You Cannot Control
• Heredity
• Age
• Gender
• Race
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Women and Cardiovascular Disease
• Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Women
• Estrogen
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Kidney disease
• High cholesterol
• Smoking
• What has happened in research to change the thinking on
CVD and women?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Women and Cardiovascular Disease
• Neglect of Heart Disease Symptoms in Women
• Gender bias
• Viewed as a male disease
• Women decline major procedures more often than men
• Gender Bias in the Research
• Women’s Health Initiative
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
New Weapons Against Heart Disease
• Techniques of Diagnosing Heart Disease
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Angiography
• Positron emission tomography scan (PET)
• Radionuclide imaging
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Digital cardiac angiography
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
New Weapons Against Heart Disease
• Angioplasty versus Bypass Surgery
• Bypass more invasive
• Bypass has longer recovery time
• Angioplasty uses a balloon to open artery
• May not last long
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
New Weapons Against Heart Disease
• Aspirin for Heart Disease: Can it Help?
• Risks may outweigh the benefits
• Thrombolysis
• Drugs that reduce amount of damaged tissue
• Cardiac Rehabilitation
• Many insurance plans include
• Some find it difficult to afford
• Benefits of these programs far outweigh any risk
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
New Weapons Against Heart Disease
•
Personal Advocacy and Heart-Smart Behaviors
1) Know your patient rights
2) Find out about informed consent
3) Ask about alternative procedures
4) Have a loved one advocate on your behalf
5) Monitor the actions of health care providers
6) Be considerate of your care providers
7) Be patient with patients
•
If you were a heart attack survivor, what could you do to
help others prevent this problem?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings