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The Circulatory System By: Tala, Skye, Sara, Asmaa Introduction The Circulatory system is the organ system that is made up of the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels; it is the system that transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carries away wastes. Parts of the Circulatory System There are three parts to the circulatory system: the Blood, the Heart, and the Blood Vessels. Blood Blood circulates throughout the human body. The blood consists of four components. The Four Components 1. Red blood cells make up almost half of the blood’s volume, they also contain a protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin allows the red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body, and it also makes the cells red. The Four Components 2. White blood cells are the cells that fight infections and diseases in the blood, they recognize and destroy invading bacteria and viruses. The white blood cells make up of less then 1% of the blood’s volume. Also they are the only blood cells that have a nucleus. The Four Components 3. Platelets are small, irregularly shaped clear cells. They help in blood clotting and they take up less than 1% of the volume in the blood. The Four Components 4. The last component is plasma. Plasma is full of protein. It carries the blood cells along. It makes up over half of the blood’s volume. The Heart The heart is made up of different types of tissue, such as the cardiac muscle tissue, the nerve tissue, and the connective tissue. The heart pumps with a regular beat. The frequency of the beat changes depending on your physical activity and other factors such as stress and, temperature, and general health. The heart is covered by a smooth layer of epithelial tissues. The covering reduces friction and protects the heart from damage. The surface of the inside of the heart is covered with smooth epithelial tissue to let the blood flow freely. Blood Vessels Arteries, veins, and capillaries are three types of blood vessels. Arteries carry the blood away from the heart. The walls of the arteries are thicker than the walls of other blood vessels. Veins carry the blood toward the heart. The largest veins are the ones that are the nearest to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with very thin walls that allow substances to diffuse between the blood and other blood fluids and tissues. Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System There are many diseases and disorders that affect the function of the circulatory system, which can affect people from all ages and all levels of fitness. The most common one is the coronary artery disease, which can lead to a heart attack if not treated in time. Coronary Artery Disease Coronary arteries are the blood vessels that provide blood to the heart muscle tissue itself. These arteries can be blocked with fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances that normally circulate in the blood. This disease can be diagnosed with the help of a special X-ray called angiogram, in which a fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye shows up on the X-ray image. Heart Attack When the coronary arteries become completely blocked, with plaque or blood clot, the heart muscle cells no longer receive the oxygen and the nutrients they need to function. As a result, the heart stops pumping, and the heart tissue start to die. A heart attack can be diagnosed with a blood test and an electrocardiogram (ECG). The ECG measures the electrical signals created by the heart as it beats. Interesting Facts • The heart beats about 3 million times in the average person’s life • About 8 million blood cells die every second, and the same number are born each second • It takes about 20 sec for a red blood cell to circle the whole body • Blood rich in oxygen appears red. Blood poor in oxygen appears blue. Conclusion In conclusion, the heart pumps the blood through large blood vessels called the arteries. Then the blood goes through smaller and smaller blood vessels ( called capillaries). In the end, the blood flows into larger blood vessels, and in the veins, and finally returns to the heart. If anything stops that cycle, such as a blood clot, the heart stops pumping.