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Cardiovascular system Mary Grace Stewart What is the cardiovascular system? • The cardiovascular system involves the circulation of blood, the delivery of nutrients to cells, and the removal of cell’s waste. Parts the make up the system • Blood vessels – Arteries – Veins – Arterioles • metarteriole – Ventricules • thoroughare – capillaries • Heart • valves • blood Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body delivering nutrients and removing waste produced by cells. The basic structure of a blood vessel The center of the vessel is called the lumen. Also called the basement membrane The Tunica Media is made of smooth muscles Arteries • Carry blood away from the heart • Carry nutrients • Carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery) • High pressure(spews blood out when cut) • Low volume • Because the high pressure forces the blood one direction, there is no need for valves in the arteries • Elastic Arteries ( contains Elastin, so that they can expand)(look like balloons) – Large artery – Medium artery • Muscular arteries (lined with smooth muscle for resistance) – Small artery – arteriole Major Arteries • Chest – aorta(very important) • Neck – Common carotid – External carotid – Internal carotid • Arm and forearm – – – – – – – Subclavian Axillary Cephalic Brachial Deep brachial Ulnar radial • Abdomen and pelvis – Descending aorta – Common iliac – External iliac – Internal iliac • Thigh and leg – Femoral – Deep femoral – Popliteal – Anterior tibial – Posterior tibial – Fibular(peroneal) Veins • Carry blood toward heart • Carries cell’s waste (usually CO2) • The blood carried is deoxygenated(because the oxygen and nutrients were delivered to the cells/organs) (except in the pulmonary vein) • Low pressure( when it’s cut the blood pools then clots) • High volume (65% of all blood) • Contains many valves to insure blood goes one direction Major Veins • Neck – External jugular – Internal jugular • Arm and forearm – – – – – – – Subclavian Axillary Cephalic Brachial Basilic Median cubital Median antebrachial Major veins cont • Chest – Superior vena cave(important) • Abdomen and Pelvis – – – – Inferior vena cava(very important to circulation) Common iliac External iliac Internal iliac • Thigh and leg – – – – – – – Femoral Deep femoral Greater saphenous Popliteal Small saphenous Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Structure of vein Arteriole and venule branch off the arteries and vein to carry blood to capillaries • These are smaller than arteries and veins but larger than capillaries • The arteriole are the main regulators of blood pressure • When arterioles meet capillary beds the smaller connecting vessel is not a capillary but a METarteriole, which though smaller than arteriole contains the same smooth muscle • After the blood goes through the capillary bed, it goes through a small vessel , not another capillary, but a thoroughfare, which contains no smooth muscle. The blood then reached the venule to proceed its cycle. Capillary branch off from venules and arterioles to supply nutrients and remove waste from cells via blood • The part that gives the nutrients, oxygen and other necessities to organs/cells • Three kinds – Continuous – Fenestrated – Discontinuous • Four ways to release stuff – – – – Diffusion Vesicle(ride on one) Intercellular cleft(go through) Fenestration • Pre-capillary sphinctors are bands of muscles around the branches of the capillary bed that can tighted and prevent blood flow, sending the blood straight through the bed and eventually to the venule and then ventrucle • There are also veins on the heart itself they are called coronary vessels(both veins and arteries). They serve the heart • On the tunica externa there are sometimes on the very large vessels, other small vessels on the big vessel Heart • Pumps the blood cell’s need for nutrients and waste removal throughout the body circulation Pulmonary Circulation • Pulmonary-pumps blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle then into the pulmonary trunk, which then divides into pulmonary arteries, which take deoxygenated blood brought from the superior and inferior vena cava, to the lungs where they receive oxygen and release wastes, most commonly CO2. it then is pumped back into the heart. It goes through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium Systemic circulation • This occurs after pulmonary circulation has turned the deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and ventricle into oxygenated blood and placed in the left atrium. From there the blood is pumped into the left ventricle where it is then pumped into the aorta, the largest vessel in the body. (very wide). The aorta takes the blood to circulate through the body and back again. Coronary Circulation • The left and right coronary arteries branch from the aorta and connect to the left and right sides of the heart. These vessels provide the heart with the oxygen and nutrients it needs to pump blood • The coronary sinus is a vein on the back side of the heat. It returns deoxygenated blood from the myocardium of the heart to the vena cavi Hepatic Portal circulation • Veins from the stomach and intestines, instead of taking blood back to the heart, they take the nutrient rich blood to the liver, the liver removes toxin , stores sugars, and processes the products of digestion before they get to other body tissues. The blood is then finally returned to the heart throught the inferior vena cava Diagram for systemic Valves • insure blood is flowing one direction • 4 major valves in the heart and other valves through out the chain of veins • 4 in the heart separate chamber • Valves are connected to the inside of its chamber by papillary muscles and tiny tendons 4 valves in heart • Tricuspid- insures blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle • Pulmonary valve- insured blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk • Mitral valve- insures blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle • Aortic ventricle- insure blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta Lub dub • Lub(first heart sound) tricuspid valve and mitral valve shut ( pulmonary and aortic just opened but cant hear that) • Dub(second heart sound) pulmonary and aortic valves shutting ( tricuspid and mitral opening) • The time In between lub and dub is called systole • the time between each lub dub is call diastole blood • Made up of : – Red blood cells – White blood cells – Platelets – Liquid plasma Red blood cells • • • • • • Known as erythrocytes Most common blood cells Can make up 45% of blood volume Produced from stem cells in red bone marrow Disk shaped with inward curve on both sides Contain no nucleus and therefore no DNA to repair themselves • Transports oxygen through a red pigment called hemoglobin which contains iron and proteins. White blood cells • Known as leukocytes • Important to immune system • 2 major classes – Granular leukocytes Three types • Neutrophils-contain digestive enzymes that neutralize bacteria • Eosinphilis-have digestive enzymes that digest viruses • Basophils- release histmine to intensify allergic reactions to protect form parasites – Agranular leukocytes Two classes • Lymphocytes-fight off viral infections and some produce antibodies against infections and pathogens • Monocytes- make cells that engulf and ingest pathogens and dead cells form wounds or infections Platelets • Known as thrombocytes • Small cell fragments that clot the blood and form scabs • Form in red bone marrow when a big megakaryocyte cell busts into fragments • Do not have nuclease • Only survive at most a week before they are captured by other cells Plasma • Liquid part of blood • 55% of bloods volume • Mixture of water(90%), proteins, and dissolved substances • The proteins found in plasma are antibodies and albumins • Dissolved substanced can include glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes, nutrients, and cellular waste Connections • The cardiovascular system affects all other systems of the body because it supplies the whole body and its organs with the nutrients they need to function • The skeletal system include a few more connections with the cardiovascular system like red blood cells come from red bone marrow, and the ribs protect the heart Connect cont. • The diaphragm which is a muscle is the chest supports the heart and helps hold it up • The lungs and heart are very closely connected in pulmonary circulation , and so the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are connected • some Hormones from the endocrine system can increase blood pressure • Both the immune, lymphatic, and cardiovascular systems contain white blood cells. Defect • VSD • Ventricular septal defect • occurs when an infant has a hole in their interventicular septum. This septum is split into two parts, the membranous and the muscular. The tear usually occurs in the membranous part of the septum • this defect is quite common and most never need an operation on it, but some do eventually need to have the hole surgically closed. Fun facts • A kitchen faucet would need to be turned on all the way for at least 45 years to equal the amount of blood pumped by the heart in an average lifetime • Everyday the heart produces enough energy to drive a truck 2o miles. In a lifetime, that’s enough to drive to the moon and back • Prolonged lack of sleep can cause irregular jumping heartbeats called premature ventricular contractions • Atrium is Latin for entrance hall and ventricle is Latin for little belly Citations • http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html • http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/circulatorysys tem/vessels/menu/menu.html • http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcar e-and-medicine/the-heart • http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/s cipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2122/notes/cvbv.h tm • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/ventricularseptal-defect/DS00614/DSECTION=treatmentsand-drugs Citations for pictures • http://www.collegeofphlebology.com/Phlebology /media/COP/Stills%20with%20text/structure-ofa-vein.jpg • http://www.froedterthealth.org/upload/images/c ommunity-memorial/services/heart/coronaryarteries.jpg • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons /e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped). svg GAME • https://jeopardylabs.com/play/cardiovascularsystem151