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Hydrocarbons The basis for organic chemistry Organic Compounds • Contain C bonded to other elements, commonly H, O, N, S, and halogens • Carbon – Can form many different compounds due to its hybrid orbitals – Has intermediate electonegativity, so its most likely to form molecular compounds (Recall: molecular compounds have diverse properties) – Can make single, double, and triple bonds – Can form isomers (same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms) Types of Hydrocarbons • Saturated: Contain the maximum number of hydrogens, single bonds between all carbons • Unsaturated: Contain 1+ double or triple bonds Types of Hydrocarbons • Aliphatic Carbons are arranged in chains • Cyclic: Carbons are arranged in rings • Aromatic: Contain a benzene ring Types of Hydrocarbons Name Alkane Alkene Alkyne Definition Hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms. Hydrocarbon with at least one double bond. Hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond. General Formula CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2 Drawing Hydrocarbons CH H3C CH3CH2CH2CH3 Hydrocarbon Root Names # of Carbons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Root Name methethpropbutpenthexheptoctnondec- Naming Alkanes Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain 1. Count the number of C’s in the longest chain 2. Determine the appropriate root 3. Use the numbered C’s to give the branches a position number add “yl” suffix 4. Add the suffix “ane” Naming Branched Alkanes Important Rules: 1. Start numbering from the end that will give you the lowest number of branches 2. If there is more than one type of branch, name the branches in alphabetical order 3. If there is more than two of the same type of branch, give the branch a position number and prefixes “di”, “tri” “tetra” etc. 4. Put commas between numbers and hyphens between numbers and letters Examples Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8 Cyclopentane, C5H10 Cyclohexane, C6H12 Cycloheptane, C7H14 Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out Examples Practice • P. 11-16 #1, 2 • Naming Alkanes Worksheet • Alkane Challenge Worksheet Naming Alkenes & Alkynes 1. Count the number of C’s in the longest chain containing the double/triple bond. • • This is the parent chain, determine the root Number the parent chain so that the double/triple bond has the lowest possible position number 2. Identify the position numbers of branches • Same rules as before 3. Write the branches in alphabetical order 4. Write the root, including a prefix that identifies the position of the double/triple bond • Add the prefix “cyclo” if its cyclic 5. Add the suffix “ene” or “yne” Naming Alkenes & Alkynes Structural Isomers • Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements • They will have different physical and chemical properties • Example: – pentane – 2-methylbutane – 2,2-dimethylpropane Cis-Trans Isomers • Cis-trans isomers occur when different groups of atoms are arranged around a double bond • Unlike a single C-C bond that can rotate, the double C=C bond is fixed Same side Opposite side cis-1,2-dichloroethene trans-1,2-dichloroethene Cis-Trans Isomers Examples: • cis-3-pentene • trans-2-hexene Naming Aromatics 1. Same rules 2. If benzene is the parent chain “benzene” suffix 3. If benzene is a branch group “phenyl” Practice • • • • P. 16-22 #3-7, 8abc Naming Alkenes/Alkynes Worksheet Isomer Challenge Worksheet Naming Hydrocarbons Worksheet