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Week 25 Unit III: “World War II & The Holocaust” February 21-25, 2017 Why are we here this week? Students will explore the Holocaust and listen to a survivor from Auschwitz during a 9th grade team assembly. Students will display knowledge and understanding of the Origins of WW II on the first of three Unit III quizzes (on-line assessment will be completed via History Alive!) Students will examine and evaluate the military strategies considered by the Allies during World War II. Homework: Study for QUIZ on Ch. 16, 34, FC 135 Ch. 17 “ttt,” plus HA summary notes Ch. 36 and 35 Tuesday, February 21, 2017 2/21: What are three things you know about the Holocaust? I. Conversation Piece Dictator Day “reflection” due…3+ lines II. The Holocaust Auschwitz: Survivors’ Stories 12-minute video III. Review: Road to World War II Ch. 34: Origins of WW II, Flow of History #135, Ch. 16 “World War Looms” "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, first Baron Acton (1834–1902). The historian and moralist, who was otherwise known simply as Lord Acton, expressed this opinion in a letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton in 1887. Lord Acton “Great men are almost always bad men." Name: What is your interpretation of this political cartoon? Chapter 16 World War Looms 1. What led to the rise of dictators? Frustrations and weakened economies caused by the Treaty of Versailles contributed to the rise of dictators (new democratic governments in many countries were weak). USSR- new communist state; Germany gets blamed for WW I (and lost territory; strong nationalism; democracies were ineffective at solving problems (dictators get things done) Chapter 16 World War Looms 2. How did Germany begin World War II? Germany (under Hitler’s leadership) began to seize the land of neighboring countries in 1938 (Austria & Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia). World War II began when Germany invaded Poland September 1, 1939. Chapter 16 World War Looms 3. How did the Nazis treat their enemies? The Nazis carried out an organized murder of their enemies, which resulted in the death of roughly 6 million Jews and 5 million others (Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s witnesses, homosexuals, mentally or physically ill, communists, Catholics…ALL who dissented). Chapter 16 World War Looms 4. How did America enter World War II? America entered World War II after years of neutrality that clearly favored Great Britain—see Lend-Lease Act (p. 552). The event that plunged America into the war was the Japanese attack on the Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii (December 7, 1941). -FDR asked Congress to declare war the next day Alive! Ch. 34: Origins of World War II (p. 447) • By the 1930s, extreme nationalists had gained power in Italy, Germany, and Japan, which became known as the Axis powers. By seeking to expand through military conquest, these countries began World War II. In 1941, the United States entered the war as one of the Allied powers. Totalitarianism • In 1924, Joseph Stalin became the dictator of the communist Soviet Union. Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler gained power by promising to restore German strength. He built up the German military and began a campaign of expansion. Similar actions took place in Italy under dictator Benito Mussolini and in Japan under Japanese militarists. Munich Pact • Great Britain and France tried to appease Hitler. In the M?? P???, they agreed to give him part of Czechoslovakia in return for peace. But Hitler continued with territorial expansion. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 triggered World War II. Neutrality Acts • A series of n??? a??? in the 1930s kept the United States from being drawn into European conflicts, including the Spanish Civil War. As World War II began, however, Franklin Roosevelt and Congress revised the acts to allow arms trading with the Allies. Lend-Lease Act • Germany quickly occupied most of Europe and threatened to invade Great Britain. As German bombers ravaged British cities, the United States decided to help Britain by passing the LendLease Act. This law allowed the United States to lend arms to Britain and, later, to the Soviet Union. Attack on Pearl Harbor • On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. This attack caused the United States to declare war on Japan and enter World War II. Alive! Ch. 34: Origins of World War II (p. 447) • By the 1930s, extreme nationalists had gained power in Italy, Germany, and Japan, which became known as the Axis powers. By seeking to expand through military conquest, these countries began World War II. In 1941, the United States entered the war as one of the Allied powers. Totalitarianism • In 1924, Joseph Stalin became the dictator of the communist Soviet Union. Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler gained power by promising to restore German strength. He built up the German military and began a campaign of expansion. Similar actions took place in Italy under dictator Benito Mussolini and in Japan under Japanese militarists. Munich Pact • Great Britain and France tried to appease Hitler. In the Munich Pact, they agreed to give him part of Czechoslovakia in return for peace. But Hitler continued with territorial expansion. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 triggered World War II. Neutrality Acts • A series of neutrality acts in the 1930s kept the United States from being drawn into European conflicts, including the Spanish Civil War. As World War II began, however, Franklin Roosevelt and Congress revised the acts to allow arms trading with the Allies. Lend-Lease Act • Germany quickly occupied most of Europe and threatened to invade Great Britain. As German bombers ravaged British cities, the United States decided to help Britain by passing the LendLease Act. This law allowed the United States to lend arms to Britain and, later, to the Soviet Union. Attack on Pearl Harbor • On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. This attack caused the United States to declare war on Japan and enter World War II. Holocaust? The term "Holocaust," originally from the Greek word "holokauston" which means "sacrifice by fire," refers to the Nazi's persecution and planned slaughter of the Jewish people. The Hebrew word "Shoah," which means "devastation, ruin, or waste," is also used for this genocide. 2/3 of the Jews living in Europe at the time were killed. Holocaust? The term "Holocaust," originally from the Greek word "holokauston" which means "sacrifice by fire," refers to the Nazi's persecution and planned slaughter of the Jewish people. The Hebrew word "Shoah," which means "devastation, ruin, or waste," is also used for this genocide. WARNING: • You will be exposed to graphic images, video footage, and information that may make you uncomfortable. • If you need to close your eyes, put your head down, or leave the room temporarily, please do so with minimal disruption. • THANK YOU in advance for your respectful attention & participation. • http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A0oG 7oq.xD9R2WgAtm8PxQt.?p=Holocaust+photos&fr=&fr2=pi v-web View of barracks and the ammunition factory in one of the first photos of Dachau concentration camp. Dachau, Germany, March or April 1933. View of the Dachau concentration camp, after liberation. Germany, April 29, 1945. View of barracks after the liberation of Kaufering, a network of subsidiary camps of the Dachau concentration camp. LandsbergKaufering, Germany, April 29, 1945. Prisoners at forced labor. Photo taken during an SS inspection. Dachau concentration camp, Germany, June 28, 1938. Medical experiment performed at the Dachau concentration camp to determine altitudes at which German pilots could survive. Germany, 1942. A Romani (Gypsy) victim of Nazi medical experiments to make seawater potable. Dachau concentration camp, Germany, 1944. American soldiers view bodies of victims of Kaufering, a network of subsidiary camps of the Dachau concentration camp. LandsbergKaufering, Germany, April 30, 1945. Human remains found in the Dachau concentration camp crematorium after liberation. Germany, April 1945. U.S. soldiers discovered these boxcars loaded with dead prisoners outside the Dachau camp. Here, they force German boys--believed to be members of the Hitler Youth (HJ)--to confront the atrocity. Dachau, Germany, April 30, 1945. Camp survivors in barracks at liberation. Dachau, Germany, April 29-May 1, 1945 Camp survivors after liberation. Dachau, Germany, after April 29, 1945. Survivors of the Ampfing subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp soon after liberation by U.S. troops. Ampfing, Germany, May 4, 1945. “A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased." - Hans Frank, Governor General of Poland before he was hanged at Nuremberg The holocaust was a watershed event in human history. In the aftermath of World War II, the world—from individual nations to the United Nations; from religious leaders to professionals in fields as diverse as law, medicine, and science; from presidents and prime ministers to private citizens—confronted its legacy. In light of the moral failures that allowed the Holocaust to happen: • Nations pledged to prevent and punish the crime of “genocide.” • Criminal trials established that government officials who commit crimes against humanity could be held accountable by international tribunals. • International protection of human rights expanded dramatically. • The idea of “informed consent” influenced ethical approaches to medical experimentation on human beings. • Protections for refugees were broadened. • The idea of a Jewish homeland gained urgency. • The movement towards reconciliation between Christians & Jews advanced. Soviet Union (USSR) Joseph Stalin ITALY Benito Mussolini Germany Adolf Hitler JAPAN Hideki Tojo Soviet Union Joseph Stalin, “the man of steel” Totalitarianism: -government controls all aspects of society -single-party political system -state planning of the economy -state-owned collective farms -forced private farmers to work on cooperative farms -placed people who resisted in labor camps -secret police rounded up and killed opponents Italy Benito Mussolini, “Il Duce” (the Chief or Leader) Fascism: -extreme nationalism; state comes first; individual liberty is secondary -strongly opposes communism and democracy -favors military values, use of violence, and strong leader -Blackshirt squads terrorized rival political groups -outlawed labor unions and opposing political parties -censored the press Germany Adolf Hitler, “der Führer” (the leader) Nazism: -a form of fascism -extreme racism, particularly aimed at Jews -territorial expansion to create Lebensraum, or “living space” -blamed Jews for Germany’s problems -sent Jews and other “undesirables” to concentration camps -centralized the government Japan Hideki Tojo, “the razor” Militarism: -military has increased power -military plays a strong role in government -called for aggressive military action abroad -political assassinations -military took control of civilian government Americans, p. 530 Americans, p. 530 ACTION = aggressive? REACTION = weak or REACTION = strong History Alive! Sec. 3 to 5 p. 439-447; Americans, p. 528-541; 550-557 ACTION 1935-1936 Germany remilitarizes Hitler announced the formation of a German air force and compulsory military service. In 1936, he sent troops into the Rhineland, a German region on the border with France. These actions all challenged the Treaty of Versailles. REACTION The League of Nations lodged a formal protest against these actions but refused to consider sanctions against Germany. ACTION = aggressive? REACTION = weak or REACTION = strong History Alive! Sec. 3 to 5 p. 439-447; Americans, p. 528-541; 550-557 ACTION 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia The Italian army, under Mussolini, invaded Ethiopia. The Ethiopian forces could not stop the invasion, and Italy annexed the country in 1936. Hitler and Mussolini soon formed a treaty of friendship known as the Rome–Berlin axis . REACTION Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations for help. The League voted to impose economic sanctions against Italy, including an oil embargo. The United States was asked to join the oil embargo against Italy, but Roosevelt refused to do so. ACTION = aggressive? REACTION = weak or REACTION = strong History Alive! Sec. 3 to 5 p. 439-447; Americans, p. 528-541; 550-557 ACTION 1936–1939 Germany and Italy aid nationalists in Spanish Civil War Italy and Germany backed a military rebellion in Spain led by General Francisco Franco. They provided the Nationalists with supplies, weapons, and troops. The Nationalists eventually overthrew Spain’s democratic republic and set up a rightwing dictatorship. REACTION Although some volunteers, including 3,000 Americans, fought against the Nationalists, only the Soviet Union officially aided the Republicans in the Civil War. The U.S. Congress passed neutrality acts in 1936 and 1937, which kept the United States out of the conflict. ACTION = aggressive? REACTION = weak or REACTION = strong History Alive! Sec. 3 to 5 p. 439-447; Americans, p. 528-541; 550-557 ACTION 1937 Japanese troops massacre civilians in Nanjing The Japanese army captured the city of Nanjing. Japanese soldiers went on a six-week rampage, killing approximately 300,000 Chinese civilians and raping about 20,000 Chinese women. REACTION Roosevelt made a speech calling for a quarantine against aggressor nations like Japan. However, the speech had little effect, as Japan invaded French Indochina, Formosa, Korea, large areas of China, and several small Pacific islands. ACTION = aggressive? REACTION = weak or REACTION = strong History Alive! Sec. 3 to 5 p. 439-447; Americans, p. 528-541; 550-557 ACTION 1938 German Anschluss (union) with Austria Hitler pressured the Austrian government to join with Germany. In March, Hitler’s army crossed the border without opposition. Hitler declared a political union, or Anschluss, between the two countries. REACTION Britain and France were passive spectators as Germany expanded into Austria. ACTION = aggressive? REACTION = weak or REACTION = strong History Alive! Sec. 3 to 5 p. 439-447; Americans, p. 528-541; 550-557 ACTION 1939 Germany invades Czechoslovakia In the Munich Pact, Hitler acquired the Czech region of the Sudetenland and promised it would be his “last territorial demand.” However, in March 1939, he broke the pact and invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia. REACTION Britain and France were angered over Hitler’s breaking of the Munich Pact and declared that any further attacks by Germany on small states would trigger war. ACTION = aggressive? REACTION = weak or REACTION = strong History Alive! Sec. 3 to 5 p. 439-447; Americans, p. 528-541; 550-557 ACTION 1939 Germany attacks Poland Germany signed a nonaggression pact with the USSR, which freed German forces to invade Poland. Germany used blitzkrieg tactics to attack so quickly that Polish forces were not able to mobilize. Soviet forces also invaded from the east, and Poland quickly fell. REACTION France and Britain followed through with their original announcement and declared war on Germany. However, they were not able to do anything to stop the invasion and the takeover of Poland. ACTION = aggressive? REACTION = weak or REACTION = strong History Alive! Sec. 3 to 5 p. 439-447; Americans, p. 528-541; 550-557 ACTION 1940 Germany invades Low Countries and France Hitler moved troops to Germany’s western borders. He attacked and captured the Low Countries and invaded France, trapping French and British troops along the coast. Italy declared war on Britain and France. REACTION Britain sent every boat possible to evacuate the trapped British and French (Allied) forces. France surrendered to Germany. Germany occupied most of France. Southeast France was controlled by a puppet government. ACTION = aggressive? REACTION = weak or REACTION = strong History Alive! Sec. 3 to 5 p. 439-447; Americans, p. 528-541; 550-557 ACTION 1940 Germany attacks Britain (Battle of Britain) German planes flew raids against British ports, airfields, and industry. Later, the bombing raid targets were shifted to large cities. REACTION British fighter pilots successfully shot down more than 600 German aircraft during the Battle of Britain. British citizens withstood the bombing raids. The raids diminished as Germany was unable to replace the lost aircraft. The United States began sending aid to Britain under the Lend-Lease Act. ACTION = aggressive? REACTION = weak or REACTION = strong History Alive! Sec. 3 to 5 p. 439-447; Americans, p. 528-541; 550-557 ACTION 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Three hundred Japanese bombers and fighter planes attacked the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. They crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, sinking or damaging 18 ships and destroying or damaging 300 aircraft. REACTION The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. Could World War II have been prevented? Why or why not? Flowchart 135: The Road to World War II CLICK and open the “essay” explaining the flow chart (to the left) Flowchart 135: The Road to World War II By far, the most destructive aftershock of World War I was World War II, coming a mere 20 years after the Treaty of Versailles. While the rise of the Nazis in Germany in the 1930's generally took center stage, events elsewhere, some of them as far away as East Asia, also contributed to the outbreak of war. Three main factors, all resulting from World War I, would lead to war: the Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression, and the Russian Revolution. 1) Identify and explain the three main causes of the 2nd World War, as explained in the flowchart & readings. • Failed Treaty of Versailles • Great Depression • Russian Revolution 2) Evaluate Paragraph 4, last sentence: "Just as the lesson of 1914 was that too much aggression can lead to war, the lesson of 1939 would be that war can just as easily result from appeasement and giving in to aggression." Do you agree or disagree? Support you evaluation with examples & details! Weak response by the League of Nations to Japanese aggression in Manchuria (China) encouraged dictators like Hitler (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland) and Mussolini (Ethiopia) to display power and expand territory. Democratic nations like Great Britain, France, and the US did NOT act decisively stop aggression…appeasement failed! 3) List & explain specific steps in the "cycle of aggression” and the road to war in the 1930s. Explain how Hitler and Nazi Germany, Mussolini and fascist Italy, and how Stalin and the communists in USSR operated in ways that led to World War II. “The Depression and the Far East (1931-1941): *How did Japan’s actions affect the thinking & decisions of Hitler, Mussolini, & Stalin? The cycle of aggression and the road to war in the 1930's As a result, the weakening of the old alliance triggered a vicious cycle of encouraging Fascist aggression which the Western democracies failed to react to, thus causing more aggression, and so on. This pattern was sadly played out several times in the 1930's before the West finally took its stand. It started in 1935 when Hitler announced that Germany was going to rearm itself in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. (Actually he had been secretly expanding German forces since 1933.) We have already seen how Hitler announced Germany's rearmament in 1935. Since he justified this with the principle of national selfdetermination, Britain and France did nothing to stop him. This merely encouraged more aggressive actions. Consequently, in 1935, Mussolini sent Italian forces into Ethiopia, using only the weakest of excuses to cover this blatant act of aggression. When the League of Nations threatened economic sanctions against Italy, Mussolini said a boycott on oil (which would have crippled his war machine) would mean war with the League's members. The League, without any real force to back it up, fell for this bluff. Britain wanted to stand up to Mussolini. However, France, still angry about Britain's naval pact with Germany and hoping to stay on good terms with Italy as a counterweight to growing German influence in Austria, refused to support Britain. As a result, Ethiopia fell as the world just stood by and watched. Therefore, in 1936 Hitler defied the Treaty of Versailles again by moving German forces back into the Rhineland, the demilitarized part of Germany. This especially agitated France, who wanted British backing but received none. Since German rearmament was just starting, the German generals leading the troops into the Rhineland were under secret orders to turn back if they met any French resistance. They met no such resistance. Once again, Hitler got his way. The aggression continued when the dictators, including Stalin got the opportunity to intervene in the Spanish Civil War. In 1931, unrest had led to the overthrow of the corrupt monarchy still ruling Spain. At first, a fairly liberal and democratic government took power. But, without a strong middle class and economy, riots and turmoil resurfaced. In 1936, the Fascist Phalangists, led by General Franco, seized power and started the Spanish Civil War. Any civil war is a terrible thing, but Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union chose to intervene and make the war in Spain much worse. Hitler and Mussolini backed the Fascists, known as the Nationalists. Stalin threw his support behind the Republicans, also known as Loyalists, who had many socialists and communists in their ranks. The result was a disaster for Spain, as terrorists from both sides murdered civilians and leaders from the The cycle of aggression and the road to war in the 1930's The most famous of these atrocities, immortalized by the Spanish painter, Picasso, was the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica, where over one-third of its population of 7000 were killed or maimed just because they were in the way. While that was a mere fraction of the millions that would die from aerial raids in the Second World War, it shocked the world since it was documented on film and also because it symbolized a sinister new turn in modern warfare. In the end, the Fascists won again as the Western democracies just watched from the sidelines. The question was: how much further could Fascist aggression go unchallenged? Hitler seemed determined to find out. Hitler, further encouraged in his contempt for the Western democracies, next moved on to an even bolder objective: the Anschluss (unification) of Austria with Germany. Hitler, himself being of Austrian birth, claimed the Austrians were Germans whose drive to achieve national self-determination was being stifled by being kept separate from the rest of Germany. Whether right or wrong, this logic helped paralyze France and Britain into inaction once again. Therefore, Austria became part of Germany in 1938 whether the Austrians liked it or not. The next target of Nazi aggression was the Sudetenland, a part of Czechoslovakia with a large German population along with much of the country's industry and defensive fortifications. Raising the cry of national selfdetermination once again, Hitler threatened war with anyone who got in his way. A conference between Britain, France, Italy, and Germany met at Munich where the Fascist dictators bullied and persuaded France and Britain to agree to the Nazi takeover of the Sudetenland. Convinced, or at least wanting to believe, that this was all Hitler wanted and that he also wanted peace, they gave in to him once more, without even consulting their Czech allies. They figured this was all Hitler wanted. In March 1939, Hitler swallowed up the rest of Czechoslovakia without French or British resistance. This had two effects. For one thing, France and Britain were now finally convinced that Hitler would not stop on his own and were determined to stand up to him the next move he made. Unfortunately, at the same time, Stalin was convinced that France and Britain would do nothing to stop any further Nazi aggression in Eastern Europe. Therefore, he signed a pact with Hitler (August, 1939) that would carve up Poland between them. On September 1, 1939, believing Britain and France would do nothing to stop him, Hitler invaded Poland. Two days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany. A mere twenty years after the end of the First World War, the Second World War had begun. The Depression and the Far East (1931-41) • • • • The Depression also had unsettling effects outside of Germany. Among other things, it seriously hurt Japan, whose economy depended heavily upon trade to pay for resources and food for its burgeoning population. As tariffs went up and the Depression deepened, Japan grew desperate for resources. This desperation led to a military takeover of the government, somewhat reminiscent of the Fascist dictators in Europe. In 1931, the Japanese seized Manchuria from China on the flimsy pretext of setting up the "independent" state of Manchukuo under Japanese "protection." China protested to the League of Nations, but the League had no power of its own to act against aggression, especially if that aggression were half a planet away. Therefore, Japan kept Manchuria and a foothold in China. Even before this, China was already deeply mired in its own problems. European and Japanese aggression in the late 1800's had helped lead to turmoil in Chinese society and government. In 1912, a revolution replaced the last Chinese emperor with a republic under the western educated Sun Yat Sen. However, China's experiment in democracy floundered, and, after Sun Yat Sen's death, Chinese politics disintegrated into a three-way struggle for power between the Nationalist government's leader, Chiang Kaishek, various independent warlords in the countryside, and the Communists led by Mao Zedong. The Japanese seizure of Manchuria presented the Chinese government with a dilemma: fight Japan right away or crush the Communists and warlords first and then face the Japanese with a united front. Chiang Kai Shek, being strongly anti-Communist, decided to unify China first. For several years he waged intensive warfare against the Communists whom he badly damaged, but failed to destroy. However, Chiang's generals, anxious to turn against Japan, forced him to ally with Mao against the common enemy. Japan, fearing a united China, told the Nationalists to join it against the Communists or it would take "all the steps necessary to assure peace." In July 1937, it "assured" that peace by invading China. The Chinese army was no match for the more mechanized Japanese forces, which relentlessly and brutally swept across the eastern seaboard of China. Cities were bombed and strafed mercilessly, while their populations were massacred with uncontrolled ferocity. Reeling from these losses, the Chinese switched to a strategy of trading space for time by retreating into the vast interior of China. This drew the advancing Japanese forces further and further inland and stretched their lines to the limit. The war now settled down to a costly stalemate that burnt, bled, and bent China, but could not break it. The Depression and the Far East (1931-41) • • • As a result, the Japanese decided to look elsewhere for easier conquests. In 1939, they briefly turned north against the Soviet Union. However, defeat at the hands of Soviet forces in a short but sharply fought conflict plus a surprise pact by Japan's ally, Hitler, with Stalin to carve up Poland, convinced Japan to go elsewhere. Therefore, it turned to easier and more lucrative conquests in South East Asia. This involved attacking the colonies of France, Britain, and Holland, all of who were too preoccupied with the war then raging in Europe to effectively stop Japan. This also brought Japan face to face with the United States. When the United States threatened economic sanctions against the Japanese if they did not pull back, Japan launched a surprise attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands (12/7/1941). From the American perspective, this was the beginning of the Second World War in the Pacific, although the Chinese and others saw it as starting in 1937 with the Japanese invasion of China. Either way, the war in Asia was on. Ironically, Japan's decision to turn south rather than north may have saved the allied cause in World War II. If Hitler had kept his Japanese allies informed on his intentions to attack Russia in 1941, they could have tied down enough Soviet forces in the Far East to deny Stalin vital reinforcements that would be a significant factor in the ultimate Russian victory against Germany. And, of course, a German victory against Russia would have seriously altered the course of World War II and subsequent history. Did you READ this last paragraph? “TALK” about a major “WHAT IF” in history!!! Homework: Begin map annotations as you READ Ch. 36: Section 2 https://mix.office.com/watch/8ihpg7pw232c?autoplay=1 2/22: Describe a “takeaway lesson” from David Tuck in “action-reaction” terms. Wednesday, February 22, 2017 I. Ch. 17 “ttt” & HA Ch. 35 & 36…30 pts Collect Unit III packet…name? II. Was WW II preventable? Index card “debates” III. Road to WW II QUIZ 30 questions…History Alive! On-line LAB 341 The Americans, Chapter 17 (p. 560-599) The United States in World War II 1. How did the United States provide the people and weapons to fight the war? With the draft (~10 mill.) and volunteers (~5 mill.), the United States raised 15 million soldiers to fight in the war. The government also organized a labor force of 18 million (1/3 were women) and controlled consumer goods with the Office of Price Administration. The Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) recruited scientists to develop new weapons, medicine, technology, including the atomic bomb. Out of the Frying Pan into the Firing Line 2. How did the Allies defeat Germany and Italy? The United States and Great Britain used convoys and new technology to win the Battle of the Atlantic. The Soviet victory at Stalingrad was followed by other advances. The Americans and British ousted the Germans from North Africa and invaded Italy and France. Germany surrendered in 1945. See Ch. 36, War in Europe Map (Sec. 3) 3. How did the Allies defeat Japan? To defeat Japan, the U.S. adopted a strategy of taking smaller islands (leapfrogging or island hopping) and then bombing supply lines. Naval victories helped too. Finally, the U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan to compel surrender. See Ch. 36, War in Pacific MAPS (Sec. 4 & 5) Oppenheimer reflects on atomic weapons... 4. What social and economic changes arose from the war? During World War II, farmers’ economic position improved, as did women’s. The war required personal adjustments, as many people married and many divorced. Soldiers returning home had to readjust to civilian life, aided by the GI Bill of Rights. African and Mexican Americans saw increased opportunities but suffered some violence. Japanese Americans (Nisei) suffered greatly when they were uprooted and sent to internment camps, losing all their possessions. p. 594-595 Alive! Ch. 36: Fighting World War II, p. 477 World War II lasted from 1939 to 1945. The United States played a major role in both main fronts of the war—Europe and the Pacific. To retake Europe, the Allies invaded North Africa, Italy, and France, and then moved on to Germany. To retake the Pacific, they fought island by island, until they closed in on Japan. Allies versus Axis powers The Allies’ strategy of “Europe First” set the United States, Britain, and the USSR against the Axis countries of Germany and Italy. In the Pacific, the United States and China battled Japan. Battle of Stalingrad Hitler’s effort to conquer the USSR ended at Stalingrad, where the Red Army forced the Nazis to retreat. The Soviets then pushed westward to Germany. D-Day The Allies invaded France on June 6, 1944. Then they swept into Germany and took Berlin. Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered. Holocaust Moving through Poland and Germany, Allied forces liberated Jews and others from Nazi concentration camps and began to uncover the horrors of the Holocaust. Battle of Midway The United States stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific at the Battle of Midway. It then went on the offensive, using tactics like leapfrogging to overcome Japanese resistance. Battle of Okinawa After the Battle of Okinawa, the Allies were poised for an invasion of Japan. Given the losses at Okinawa, however, they knew it would be a long and costly struggle. Manhattan Project Scientists with the Manhattan Project developed an atomic bomb and tested it in July 1945. A month later, the United States dropped two bombs on Japanese cities, forcing Japan’s surrender and bringing an end to World War II. Alive! Ch. 35: The Impact of WW II on Americans • World War II had a great impact on Americans. Some aided the war effort by joining the armed forces. Others produced military equipment and supplies. Many tended victory gardens, recycled goods, and used ration coupons. Minority groups struggled for equal treatment. • Opportunities to serve For many young Americans, World War II provided an opportunity to fight for their country and its ideals. Members of minority groups also saw the war as an opportunity to show that they deserved the respect of white Americans. • New job opportunities Millions of workers left their jobs to join the military. The resulting labor shortage opened the doors of industry to many who had once been shut out. Women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans all found jobs in war-related industries. • Broader worldviews The war sent soldiers far from home and many to foreign lands. They came back with a broader view of the world and a new perspective on what it meant to be an American. Many civilians moved to industrial centers, where they lived and worked with different groups of people. • Hardships of war Most Americans knew little about the real hardships of war. GIs, however, faced those hardships every day as they risked their lives in battle. • Continued prejudice Racial and ethnic prejudice continued to plague American society. African Americans and Mexican Americans faced harassment at home and in the service. Japanese Americans lost their civil rights because of their ancestry. American Jews struggled against anti-Semitism that limited efforts to save European Jews from Nazi extermination. • Hardships at home Women often worked “double shifts” at a paying job and domestic jobs at home. All Americans learned to live with rationing and price controls. Alive! Ch. 36: Fighting World War II • World War II lasted from 1939 to 1945. The United States played a major role in both main fronts of the war—Europe and the Pacific. To retake Europe, the Allies invaded North Africa, Italy, and France, and then moved on to Germany. To retake the Pacific, they fought island by island, until they closed in on Japan. • Allies versus Axis powers The Allies’ strategy of “Europe First” set the United States, Britain, and the USSR against the Axis countries of Germany and Italy. In the Pacific, the United States and China battled Japan. • Battle of Stalingrad Hitler’s effort to conquer the USSR ended at Stalingrad, where the Red Army forced the Nazis to retreat. The Soviets then pushed westward to Germany. • D-Day The Allies invaded France on June 6, 1944. Then they swept into Germany and took Berlin. Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered. • Holocaust Moving through Poland and Germany, Allied forces liberated Jews and others from Nazi concentration camps and began to uncover the horrors of the Holocaust. • Battle of Midway The United States stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific at the Battle of Midway. It then went on the offensive, using tactics like leapfrogging to overcome Japanese resistance. • Battle of Okinawa After the Battle of Okinawa, the Allies were poised for an invasion of Japan. Given the losses at Okinawa, however, they knew it would be a long and costly struggle. • Manhattan Project Scientists with the Manhattan Project developed an atomic bomb and tested it in July 1945. A month later, the United States dropped two bombs on Japanese cities, forcing Japan’s surrender and bringing an end to World War II. If you got the “scoop” on two “actions” or events in the mid-to-late 1930s, what would your editorial say? (yes or no?) If you snapped the “shots” of two “actions” or events in this time period, what would they “show” about the likelihood of war? (yes or no?) WRITE a thought-filled response to your opponent’s CLAIM Was World War II preventable? PRINT your name (signature?) ON THE BACK!!! “Debate” who has the BEST YES and NO arguments/claims! Select two specific “actions” and WRITE a catchy title to your CLAIM, or thesis, in response to this QUESTION: Was World War II preventable? “SHOW” that war is coming OR that it can be stopped! Complete index card = 15 pts! Pairs of students will SILENTLY read & respond in WRITING to an opposing argument/claim Was World War II preventable? Who has the “best” title? Which action(s) from history are MORE convincing: yours or your “opponent?” (Ch. 16, 34, FC 135, videos) SPAR discuss & “jab” at your claims & reasoning! PREPARE to SHARE with class! SNL with Jerry Seinfeld (Season 17, 1992) http://www.nbc.com/saturday-nightlive/video/world-war-ii-101/n10251 Homework: Annotate map(s) as you READ Ch. 36, Section 3+ 2/23: REACTION to… “Everything can be taken from a man but one thing; the last of the human freedoms-to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one's own way.” - Viktor Frankl Thursday-Friday, February 23-24, 2017 I. Holocaust Exploration Debrief from assembly, explore resources…Q & A II. Fighting World War II Read Ch. 34 and annotate maps https://archive.org/details/EducationForDeathTheMakingOfTheNazi “Never Again” Disturbed (David Draiman) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfPgE7hApgw February 2, 2012 As frontman for the multi-platinum hard-rock band Disturbed, David Draiman writes songs that are often personal and political. As a kid, he was drawn into occasional fistfights over anti-Jewish remarks. As an adult, he addresses Holocaust denial and antisemitism in his song "Never Again." http://www.ushmm.org/confront-antisemitism/antisemitism-podcast/david-draiman Supporters of the Golden Dawn far-right party hold an antigovernment demonstration in the center of Thessaloniki, Greece, June 2014. Giannis Papanikos/NurPhoto/Sipa USA/AP "If you judge people, you have no time to love them." - Mother Teresa “A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased." - Hans Frank, Governor General of Poland before he was hanged at Nuremberg The holocaust was a watershed event in human history. In the aftermath of World War II, the world—from individual nations to the United Nations; from religious leaders to professionals in fields as diverse as law, medicine, and science; from presidents and prime ministers to private citizens—confronted its legacy. In light of the moral failures that allowed the Holocaust to happen: • Nations pledged to prevent and punish the crime of “genocide.” • Criminal trials established that government officials who commit crimes against humanity could be held accountable by international tribunals. • International protection of human rights expanded dramatically. • The idea of “informed consent” influenced ethical approaches to medical experimentation on human beings. • Protections for refugees were broadened. • The idea of a Jewish homeland gained urgency. • The movement towards reconciliation between Christians & Jews advanced. DACHAU article http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005214 Major Nazi camps in Europe, January 1944 Throughout German-occupied Europe, the Germans arrested those who resisted their domination and those they judged to be racially inferior or politically unacceptable. People arrested for resisting German rule were mostly sent to forced-labor or concentration camps. The Germans deported Jews from all over occupied Europe to extermination camps in Poland, where they were systematically killed, and also to concentration camps, where they were used for forced labor. Transit camps such as Westerbork, Gurs, Mechelen, and Drancy in western Europe and concentration camps like Bolzano and Fossoli di Carpi in Italy were used as collection centers for Jews, who were then deported by rail to the extermination camps. According to SS reports, there were more than 700,000 prisoners registered in the concentration camps in January 1945. • The Dachau concentration camp, northwest of Munich, Germany, was the first regular concentration camp the Nazis established in 1933. About twelve years later, on April 29, 1945, US armed forces liberated the camp. There were about 30,000 starving prisoners in the camp at that time. The film seen here was edited from original footage shot by Allied cameramen as liberating troops entered Dachau. It was discovered in the archives of the Imperial War Museum in 1984 and was never completed. “Hitler was the fate of Germany and this fate could not be stayed." - Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch, Commander of the German Army (1938-1941) “Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it." -George Santayana “Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.” - Martin Luther King Jr. What shapes a man’s will? The Righteous of the Nations http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/index.asp • Attitudes towards the Jews during the Holocaust mostly ranged from indifference to hostility. The mainstream watched as their former neighbors were rounded up and killed; some collaborated with the perpetrators; many benefited from the expropriation of the Jews property. • In a world of total moral collapse there was a small minority who mustered extraordinary courage to uphold human values. These were the Righteous Among the Nations. They stand in stark contrast to the mainstream of indifference and hostility that prevailed during the Holocaust. Contrary to the general trend, these rescuers regarded the Jews as fellow human beings who came within the bounds of their universe of obligation. • Most rescuers started off as bystanders. In many cases this happened when they were confronted with the deportation or the killing of the Jews. Some had stood by in the early stages of persecution, when the rights of Jews were restricted and their property confiscated, but there was a point when they decided to act, a boundary they were not willing to cross. Unlike others, they did not fall into a pattern of acquiescing to the escalating measures against the Jews. “Everything can be taken from a man but one thing; the last of the human freedoms-to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one's own way.” - Viktor Frankl THANK YOU! …for your respectful attention & participation Creation of Israel by way of United Nations Partition Plan (1947-48) Voices on Antisemitism features a broad range of perspectives about antisemitism and hatred today. Subscribe to Voices on Antisemitism on iTunes or by RSS feed, listen to individual programs online, or use Voices on Antisemitism in your class. The opinions expressed in these interviews do not necessarily represent those of the Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/confrontantisemitism/antisemitism-podcast/ David Draiman http://www.ushmm.org/confrontantisemitism/antisemitism-podcast/daniel-craig Blitzkrieg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sj0o8_WPb-A Blitzkrieg tactics made the German army seem unstoppable. The Nazi war machine took just a month to crush Poland. It then turned its aggression on other European countries. In Poland, the German armed forces relied on a strategy of blitzkrieg, or “lightning war.” Without any warning, German bombers launched attacks on railroads, airfields, communications networks, military bases, and other strategic sites. These attacks helped prevent Polish mobilization, the assembling of troops and equipment for war. Meanwhile, waves of infantry, supported by tanks and artillery, pushed toward key cities. Germany’s method was to outflank, surround, and destroy. Motorized units quickly swept around and encircled the Polish army. Warplanes rained bombs and bullets on the enemy. Then the foot soldiers moved in to finish the job. Ill-equipped and overwhelmed, the Polish forces quickly collapsed. What would you do, COACH? • You are the head coach of a high school basketball team. Your team is about to play the top-ranked team, which has last year’s most valuable player (MVP) on its roster. • You just found out that half of your team is caught in traffic and will not make it in time for the start of the game. What strategy will you pursue? • You must choose one of the following strategies, then explain your choice on your handout: Play defense, stall, and try to keep the score close in hopes that your other players will arrive soon. Go on the offense and attack the opponent’s MVP, hoping to tire him or her and get him or her to foul. Attack the weakest player, even if that allows the MVP to stay rested and remain on offense. How did the U.S. strategy compare to the basketball game scenario? • When the United States entered World War II, the Axis forces were superior in both number and strength, much like the stronger team in the Preview. • Military analysts for the United States and its allies had to determine which strategies to pursue to defeat the dominating Axis powers. Military Analyst Team? • Students will take on the roles of American military analysts and make recommendations for how to win the war. • You will first evaluate military strategies by examining background information and maps of the battlefront. • Finally, you will present your recommendations in a “top secret” military briefing. For which World War II military strategies or actions do you think the United States should be praised? Why? 2nd WRITING assignment COMING SOON! (PEER review on back…2nd index card) For which World War II military strategies or actions do you think the United States should be criticized? Why? READ, THINK, and DISCUSS intelligently ! Respond honestly with the “skills of a historian.” Does the “author” have legitimate and/or accurate points? (Agree or disagree?) What NEW questions do you have? If you had been president during the war, how might you have conducted the war differently? Phase 2 of Unit III begins! Visit learntci.com and use the “map magnifier” to locate ALL the major items in your annotated map assignment! Military Analyst Team: Decision #1 Names: Period #: Prepare your recommendations by gathering supporting arguments from the student texts and accompanying map. Military Analyst Team Circle your CONSENSUS choice, then BRIEFLY explain your Decision #1 reasoning (write). Procedures for military briefing: Section 2 : Preparing for War in Europe (p. 466-467) North Africa • Hitler hoped to cut off the Allies’ oil from the Middle East by securing North Africa for the Axis powers and pushing the British out of Egypt. • Hitler sent Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and the Afrika Korps to join the Italian army in North Africa. • By June 1942, Rommel had taken much of North Africa and had driven deep into Egypt. Section 2 : Preparing for War in Europe (p. 466-467) Poland • Poles were treated with contempt by the Nazis. • Jews in Poland were forced into ghettos. • Thousands of Jews died from disease and starvation in the Warsaw Ghetto. • Six death camps were built in Poland. • Death camps were equipped with gas chambers, in which tens of thousands were killed each month. Section 2 : Preparing for War in Europe (p. 466-467) Soviet Union • The Nazis invaded the western part of the Soviet Union. • The Nazis used blitzkrieg tactics to overcome Soviet troops. • A large German force approached Moscow. • A Nazi force marched toward the oil-rich Caucasus. Military Analyst Team What was the CONSENSUS? How did your reasoning Decision #1 COMPARE to real WW II history? Military Analyst Team Decision #2 Prepare your BRIEF written recommendations by gathering supporting arguments from the student texts and accompanying map. Military Analyst Team Decision #2 Procedures for military briefing: a 2nd HOPEFULLY, you read?: Sec. 3, War in Europe (1942-45) (p. 468-471) and labeled & annotated your MAP? Southern Italy • The Allies used North Africa as a staging area to invade the island of Sicily in southern Italy. • The Allied assault met little opposition at first. • Italy’s political leaders voted to oust Mussolini and restore the king and parliament. • Italy surrendered to the Allies and soon declared war on Germany. • German forces remained in Italy and battled Allied forces as they moved north. Section 3, War in Europe (1942-45) (p. 468-471) Stalingrad • Axis troops moved farther into Soviet territory. • Hitler split his forces so they could seize the rest of the Caucasus and also take Stalingrad. • By mid-September, Axis troops had trapped a large Soviet force inside of Stalingrad. • The Soviet Red Army launched a counteroffensive against the Nazi assault. • The German troops were surrounded, but Hitler insisted that they fight to their death. • German troops surrendered to the Soviets. • More than 200,000 German and 1 million Soviet soldiers died in the Battle of Stalingrad. Section 3, War in Europe (1942-45) (p. 468-471) Normandy • Operation Overlord called for an invasion of France. • On D-Day, landing craft unloaded Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy. • German gun batteries targeted the invading Allies. • By the end of the first day, the Allies held 59 miles of the Normandy coast. • From Normandy, Allied troops began a rapid sweep across France and liberated Paris in August 1944. Section 3, War in Europe (1942-45) (p. 468-471) Battle of the Bulge • Hitler planned for his armies to burst through the Allied lines in the Ardennes region of Belgium. • On December 16, 1944, eight German armored divisions smashed into the American forces, creating a large bulge in the Allied line. • Allied air support and the support of General Patton’s Third Army forced the Germans to withdraw. • The Battle of the Bulge was the last German offensive on the western front. What was the CONSENSUS? How did your reasoning COMPARE to real WW II history? Military Analyst Team Decision #2 Military Analyst Team Decision #3 Military Analyst Team Decision #3 Prepare your recommendations by gathering supporting arguments from the texts and accompanying map. WRITE! Procedures for military briefing: READ: Section 4, Preparing for War in the Pacific (p. 472-474) Philippines • Under the command of General MacArthur, Americans and Filipinos battled a fierce Japanese onslaught. • Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to leave the Philippines, but MacArthur vowed to return. • After the Japanese completed their conquest of the Philippines, they rounded up approximately 70,000 American and Filipino prisoners and marched them up the Bataan Peninsula to a prison camp. • During the Bataan Death March, more than 7,000 American and Filipino prisoners died. READ: Section 4, Preparing for War in the Pacific (p. 472-474) Tokyo • On April 18, 1942, 16 American bombers bombed Tokyo and other Japanese cities. • The bombs did little damage to Japan, but the surprise raids thrilled Americans and shocked the Japanese. • The Japanese responded by putting more resources into defending the home islands. READ: Section 4, Preparing for War in the Pacific (p. 472-474) Coral Sea • After American code breakers learned that Japan was moving to isolate Australia, the Americans sent a small naval force to the Coral Sea. • The Battle of the Coral Sea was fought entirely by carrier based aircraft. • This was the first naval battle in history in which the enemies’ warships never came within sight of each other. • Japanese aircraft sank two American carriers, while American planes sank one Japanese carrier and damaged the other two. • Americans gained a strategic victory despite fairly even losses. READ: Section 5, War in the Pacific (1942-45) (p. 474-477) Midway • The Americans intercepted a coded Japanese message telling of plans for a major offensive, most likely at the U.S base at Midway. • American planes demolished the enemy force. • Japan never recovered from the loss of naval carriers and so many of its experienced pilots. • The Battle of Midway was Japan’s last offensive action in the war. READ: Section 5, War in the Pacific (1942-45) (p. 474-477) Okinawa • Knowing that Okinawa would give the Americans a prime staging area for the invasion of Japan, Japanese military leaders moved their best army units from Japan and China to defend the island. • The Allies launched a large amphibious invasion in April 1945. • The Japanese strongly resisted the American invaders. • Combat in Okinawa continued for two months and claimed the lives of more than 100,000 American and Japanese soldiers. Military Analyst Team Decision #3 What was the CONSENSUS? How did your reasoning COMPARE to real WW II history? Military Analyst Team Decision #4 Military Analyst Team Decision #4 Prepare your recommendations by gathering supporting arguments from the text and accompanying map. WRITE! Procedures for military briefing: a final READ: Section 5, War in the Pacific (1942-45) (p. 474-477) Hiroshima and Nagasaki • On August 6, 1945 an American bomber dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, instantly killing as many as 80,000 Japanese. • Thousands of structures toppled and hundreds of fires consumed the city as a result of the bombing. • Three days later the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, instantly killing some 40,000 people. • As a result of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, up to 250,000 people may have died from burns, radiation poisoning, or cancer. • The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki brought a Japanese surrender. Military Analyst Team Decision #4 What was the CONSENSUS? How did your reasoning COMPARE to real WW II history? For which World War II military strategies or actions do you think the United States should be praised? Why? 2nd WRITING assignment COMING SOON! (PEER review on back…2nd index card) For which World War II military strategies or actions do you think the United States should be criticized? Why? READ, THINK, and DISCUSS intelligently ! Respond honestly with the “skills of a historian.” Does the “author” have legitimate and/or accurate points? (Agree or disagree?) What NEW questions do you have? If you had been president during the war, how might you have conducted the war differently? For which World War II military strategies or actions do you think the United States should be praised? Why? 2nd WRITING assignment COMING SOON! (PEER review on back…2nd index card) For which World War II military strategies or actions do you think the United States should be criticized? Why? READ, THINK, and DISCUSS intelligently ! Respond honestly with the “skills of a historian.” Does the “author” have legitimate and/or accurate points? (Agree or disagree?) What NEW questions do you have? If you had been president during the war, how might you have conducted the war differently? World War II video outline found inside Unit III packet