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CHAPTER 19 How does the energy generated by wind farms get to people’s houses to power their appliances? Current is the rate of change of electric charge A current exits whenever there is a net movement of electric charge through a medium The unit for current is the ampere 1 ampere= 1 Coulomb second Electric Charge Q I t Charge passing through a given area time interval In a particular television tube, the beam current is 60 µA. How long does it take for 3.75 x 1014 electrons to strike the screen? First calculate the electric charge of 3.75 x 1014 electrons. 1 electron has a charge of 1.60 x 10-19 C (3.75 x 1014 ) (1.60 x 10-19 C)= 6 x 10-5 C 5 Q 6 x10 C t 1 . 0 sec 6 I 60 x10 A Batteries and generators work by converting other forms of energy into electrical potential energy Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical potential energy Generators convert mechanical energy (KE and PE) into electrical potential energy Potential Difference, ΔV, is the driving force behind current Increasing potential difference results in a greater current i.e. using a 9.0 V battery generates a greater current than a 6.0 V battery V is measured in volts 1 volt= 1 Joule/Coulomb Some conductors allow charges to move through them more easily than others The opposition to the motion of charge through a conductor is the conductor’s resistance The unit for resistance is the ohm (Ω) Ohm’s Law: V R I Potential Difference Resistance Current Resistance is inversely proportional to current As the resistance increases, the current decreases For most materials, resistance is independent of V. Therefore, changing V affects the current, not the resistance The current in a certain resistor is 0.50 A when it is connected to a potential difference of 110 v. What is the current in this same resistor if a. The operating potential difference is 90.0 V? b. The operating potential difference is 130 V? I= 0.50 A, V = 110 V We’re looking for the new current if the potential difference is changed According to Ohm’s Law: V I R We’re missing R. Let’s find it V 110V R 220 I 0.50 A Let’s find the new current for each potential difference A. B. V 90V I 0.41 A R 220 V 130V I 0.59 A R 220 Superconductors have zero resistance below a certain temperature called the critical temperature. Once a current is established in a superconductor it will continue even if the potential difference is removed Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted to other types of energy Power is measured in Watts V P IV I R R 2 2 Circuits and Circuit Elements Chapter 20 Schematic Diagrams (p. 731) A diagram that depicts the construction of an electrical apparatus is a schematic diagram Electric Circuits An electric circuit is a path through which charges can be conducted Necessary Parts of an electrical circuit The wire: Current flows through the wire The resistor: Can be a light bulb The emf source: Provides the potential difference…it’s usually a battery Series Circuits When resistors are connected in series, all the charges have to follow a single path When one light bulb goes out, they all go out Series Circuits When resistors are connected in series, the current in each resistor is the same!!! The total current in the circuit depends on how many resistors are present The equivalent resistance is the sum of the circuit’s resistances Req R1 R2 R3 ... THE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE SHOULD ALWAYS BE GREATER THAN THE LARGEST RESISTANCE IN THE CIRCUIT Series Current To find the total current in the circuit, first find the equivalent resistance and then use Ohm’s Law V I Req Although the current in each resistor has to be the same, the potential difference doesn’t have to be the same. Sample Problem p. 739 #2 A 4.0 Ω resistor, an 8.0 Ω resistor and a 12.0 Ω resistor are connected in series with a 24.0 V battery A. Calculate the equivalent resistance Req R1 R2 R3 ... 4 8 12 24 B. Calculate the current in the circuit I V 24V 1 A Req 24 What is the current in each resistor? For resistors in series, the current in each resistor is the same…so the answer is 1.0 A Parallel Circuits A parallel circuit is a wiring arrangement that provides alternative pathways for the movement of charges Parallel Circuits The total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the current in each resistor Itotal I1 I 2 I3 ... The equivalent resistance in a parallel circuit is calculated using the following equation 1 1 1 1 ... Req R1 R2 R3 The potential difference across each resistor is the same Sample Problem p. 744 # 2 An 18.0 Ω, 9.00 Ω, and 6.00 Ω resistor are connected in parallel to an emf source. A current of 4.0 A is in the 9.00 Ω resistor. a. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.0 Req R1 R2 R3 18 9 6 B. What is the potential difference across the source? V IReq (4.0 A)(9) 36 V C. Calculate the current in the other resistors I V 36V 2A Req 18 I V 36V 6A Req 6 Complex Circuits Most circuits have both series and parallel components Complex Circuits (p. 747) To determine the equivalent resistance for a complex circuit, you have to simplify the circuit into groups of series and parallel resistors Sample Problem 20C (p. 747) Since the 6.0 Ω and 2.0 Ω resistor are connected in series, their equivalent resistance is 8.0 Ω Req R1 R2 R3 ... Sample Problem 20C (p. 747) The new 8.0 Ω resistor and 4.0 Ω resistor are connected in parallel. Their equivalent resistance can be found using the following equation: 1 1 1 1 ... Req R1 R2 R3 Req= 2.7 Ω Finally, the last three resistors are connected in series so their equivalent resistance= 9.0 Ω + 2.7 Ω + 1.0 Ω= 12.7 Ω The circuit can now be redrawn with the equivalent resistance connected to the original emf source To find the current and/or potential difference across a particular resistor in a complex circuit you must first find the equivalent resistance for the circuit Then you must rebuild the circuit in steps and calculate the current and potential difference for each group Sample problem 20D is a continuation of sample problem 20C. We already determined the equivalent resistance for the circuit…12.7 Ω Next we need to rebuild the circuit and find the potential difference and current for each group. V 9.0V I 0.71 A R 12.7 Work backward to find the current and potential difference for the next group. These three resistors are connected in series. That means the current across all three resistors is the same (I=0.71 A). We only care about the middle resistor because it’s the only one that leads to the 2.0 Ω resistor V IR (0.71A)( 2.7) 1.9V Work backward to find the current and potential difference for the next group. The 2.7 Ω resistor is composed of the 8.0 Ω and 4.0 Ω resistors in parallel This means they have the same potential difference. (V=1.9 V) We only care about the 8.0 Ω resistor because it’s the only one that leads to the 2.0 Ω resistor V 1.9V I 0.24 A R 8.0 Work backward to find the current and potential difference for the next group. The 8.0 Ω resistor is composed of the 6.0 Ω and 2.0 Ω resistors connected in series. This means they share the same current (I=0.24 A) V IR (0.24 A)( 2.0) 0.48 V Solve for the potential difference and you’re done http://alkalinebatteries.us/images/batteries3.jpg http://www.renewablepowernews.com/wp- content/uploads/2008-04-wind-farm-hawaii22.jpg