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Physics 1502: Lecture 22 Today’s Agenda • Announcements: – RL - RV - RLC circuits • Homework 06: due next Wednesday … • Induction / AC current Induction Self-Inductance, RL Circuits a I I R XXX XXXX XX b L long solenoid Energy and energy density on /R L/R 2L/R off /R I L/R 2L/R I 0 t 0 0 VL VL 0 - t t Charging C RC Discharging 2RC C q 0 RC 2RC q 0 t t 0 /R I I 0 - /R t t Mutual Inductance • Suppose you have two coils with multiple turns close to each other, as shown in this cross-section Coil 1 Coil 2 B • We can define mutual inductance M12 of coil 2 with respect to coil 1 as: It can be shown that : N1 N2 Inductors in Series • What is the combined (equivalent) inductance of two inductors in series, as shown ? a a L1 Note: the induced EMF of two inductors now adds: L2 b Since: And: Leq b Inductors in parallel • What is the combined (equivalent) inductance of two inductors in parallel, as shown ? Note: the induced EMF between points a and be is the same ! a L1 a L2 b Also, it must be: We can define: And finally: Leq b LC Circuits • Consider the LC and RC series circuits shown: C R C L • Suppose that the circuits are formed at t=0 with the capacitor C charged to a value Q. Claim is that there is a qualitative difference in the time development of the currents produced in these two cases. Why?? • Consider from point of view of energy! • In the RC circuit, any current developed will cause energy to be dissipated in the resistor. • In the LC circuit, there is NO mechanism for energy dissipation; energy can be stored both in the capacitor and the inductor! RC/LC Circuits i Q+++ --- i Q+++ --- C R 0 i 0 1 t L LC: current oscillates RC: current decays exponentially -i C 0 t LC Oscillations (qualitative) + + - - C L C C L L - - + + C L Energy transfer in a resistanceless, nonradiating LC circuit. The capacitor has a charge Qmax at t = 0, the instant at which the switch is closed. The mechanical analog of this circuit is a block–spring system. LC Oscillations (quantitative) • What do we need to do to turn our qualitative knowledge into quantitative knowledge? • What is the frequency w of the oscillations (when R=0)? – (it gets more complicated when R finite…and R is always finite) + + - - C L LC Oscillations (quantitative) i • Begin with the loop rule: Q + + - - C L • Guess solution: (just harmonic oscillator!) remember: where: • w0 determined from equation • f, Q0 determined from initial conditions • Procedure: differentiate above form for Q and substitute into loop equation to find w0. Review: LC Oscillations i • Guess solution: (just harmonic oscillator!) Q where: + + - - C L • w0 determined from equation • f, Q0 determined from initial conditions which we could have determined from the mass on a spring result: 1 The energy in LC circuit conserved ! When the capacitor is fully charged: When the current is at maximum (Io): The maximum energy stored in the capacitor and in the inductor are the same: At any time: Lecture 22, ACT 1 • At t=0 the capacitor has charge Q0; the resulting oscillations have frequency w0. The maximum current in the circuit during these oscillations has value I0 . – What is the relation between w and w2 , the 1A frequency of oscillations when0 the initial charge = 2Q0 ? (a) w2 = 1/2 w0 (b) w2 = w0 t=0 + + Q Q0 - - C (c) w2 = 2 w0 L Lecture 22, ACT 1 t=0 • At t=0 the capacitor has charge Q0; the resulting oscillations have frequency w0. The maximum current in the circuit during these oscillations has value I0 . + + Q Q0 - - C 1B • What is the relation between I0 and I2 , the maximum current in the circuit when the initial charge = 2Q0 ? (a) I2 = I0 (b) I2 = 2 I0 (c) I2 = 4 I0 L Summary of E&M • J. C. Maxwell (~1860) summarized all of the work on electric and magnetic fields into four equations, all of which you now know. • However, he realized that the equations of electricity & magnetism as then known (and now known by you) have an inconsistency related to the conservation of charge! Gauss’ Law Faraday’s Law Gauss’ Law For Magnetism Ampere’s Law I don’t expect you to see that these equations are inconsistent with conservation of charge, but you should see a lack of symmetry here! Ampere’s Law is the Culprit! • Gauss’ Law: • Symmetry: both E and B obey the same kind of equation (the difference is that magnetic charge does not exist!) • Ampere’s Law and Faraday’s Law: ! • If Ampere’s Law were correct, the right hand side of Faraday’s Law should be equal to zero -- since no magnetic current. • Therefore(?), maybe there is a problem with Ampere’s Law. • In fact, Maxwell proposes a modification of Ampere’s Law by adding another term (the “displacement” current) to the right hand side of the equation! ie Displacement current Remember: Iin FE Iout changing electric flux Maxwell’s Displacement Current • Can we understand why this “displacement current” has the form it does? • Consider applying Ampere’s Law to the current shown in the diagram. • If the surface is chosen as 1, 2 or 4, the enclosed current = I • If the surface is chosen as 3, the enclosed current = 0! (ie there is no current between the plates of the capacitor) circuit Big Idea: The Electric field between the plates changes in time. “displacement current” ID = 0 (dfE/dt) = the real current I in the wire. Maxwell’s Equations • These equations describe all of Electricity and Magnetism. • They are consistent with modern ideas such as relativity. • They even describe light