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Sophistication in Writing Most writing is unsophisticated: it communicates a meaning, but it does not do so in a memorable way, nor does it provoke a response on the part of its reader. Definitions >>> Sophistication in Writing Most writing is unsophisticated: it communicates a meaning, but it does not do so in a memorable way, nor does it provoke a response on the part of its reader. NASA made an announcement Wednesday. It concerned a new species of bacteria discovered in conditions thought to be unsuitable for life to exist. The discovery increases chances life might be found on other worlds. Definitions >>> Sophistication in Writing Most writing is unsophisticated: it communicates a meaning, but it does not do so in a memorable way, nor does it provoke a response on the part of its reader. The beginning of sophistication in writing is distinguishing between the content of writing (the information you wish to convey) and the effect the writing is intended to have. Definitions >>> Sophistication in Writing Most writing is unsophisticated: it communicates a meaning, but it does not do so in a memorable way, nor does it provoke a response on the part of its reader. The beginning of sophistication in writing is distinguishing between the content of writing (the information you wish to convey) and the effect the writing is intended to have. Think of a sentence as a “complete” thought. Ideas that belong together (such as the fact set of a lede) should be combined into the same sentence. Definitions >>> Sophistication in Writing Most writing is unsophisticated: it communicates a meaning, but it does not do so in a memorable way, nor does it provoke a response on the part of its reader. The beginning of sophistication in writing is distinguishing between the content of writing (the information you wish to convey) and the effect the writing is intended to have. Think of a sentence as a “complete” thought. Ideas that belong together (such as the fact set of a lede) should be combined into the same sentence. The discovery of a new species of bacteria thriving in conditions previously believed unable to support life increases the chances life might be found on other worlds, NASA officials announced Wednesday. Definitions >>> Sophistication in Writing Most writing is unsophisticated: it communicates a meaning, but it does not do so in a memorable way, nor does it provoke a response on the part of its reader. The beginning of sophistication in writing is distinguishing between the content of writing (the information you wish to convey) and the effect the writing is intended to have. Think of a sentence as a “complete” thought. Ideas that belong together (such as the fact set of a lede) should be combined into the same sentence. An outline may be a useful first step in organizing your ideas. When you organize your ideas, they should logically flow from one point to the next. Definitions >>> Definitions Clause: A group of words that have a subject and predicate. A clause may be independent (or stand alone; a simple sentence, for example) or dependant (on a independent clause). A complete idea or point. Subordination & Coordination >>> Definitions Clause: A group of words that have a subject and predicate. A clause may be independent (or stand alone; a simple sentence, for example) or dependant (on a independent clause). A complete idea or point. Phrase: A group of words without a subject and/or predicate that modify the meaning of another word. Subordination & Coordination >>> Definitions Clause: A group of words that have a subject and predicate. A clause may be independent (or stand alone; a simple sentence, for example) or dependant (on a independent clause). A complete idea or point. Phrase: A group of words without a subject and/or predicate that modify the meaning of another word. Sophistication involves using the structure of the sentence to help convey the overall meaning and indicate a “complete” thought. In addition to the actual meaning of the words used, the syntax of the sentence can emphasize/deemphasize or modify information. Subordination & Coordination >>> Definitions Clause: A group of words that have a subject and predicate. A clause may be independent (or stand alone; a simple sentence, for example) or dependant (on a independent clause). A complete idea or point. Phrase: A group of words without a subject and/or predicate that modify the meaning of another word. Sophistication involves using the structure of the sentence to help convey the overall meaning and indicate a “complete” thought. In addition to the actual meaning of the words used, the syntax of the sentence can emphasize/deemphasize or modify information. Making writing sophisticated not only makes it “sound” better, but it makes it easier to understand and more significant. Subordination & Coordination >>> Subordination & Coordination In unsophisticated writing, we often see multiple simple sentences used to express a single idea. The bacteria uses elements believed toxic to life in its metabolic cycle. This allows the bacteria to live in environments previously believed unsuitable for life. Types of Subordination >>> Subordination & Coordination In unsophisticated writing, we often see multiple simple sentences used to express a single idea. The bacteria uses elements believed toxic to life in its metabolic cycle. This allows the bacteria to live in environments previously believed unsuitable for life. An idea (clause) that is less important than another can be subordinated to it. Multiple ideas that are equal can be coordinated. Sophisticated: As it uses elements believed toxic to life in its metabolic cycle, the bacteria can survive in environments previously believed unsuitable for life. Types of Subordination When an idea is subordinate to another, the subordinate idea is always related to the main idea in some way. This is indicated by the use of a subordinator (subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun) to introduce the subordinate clause. Remember to use a comma after an introductory element—a subordinate clause at the beginning of a sentence. Relative clauses may be either nonrestrictive (requiring commas) or nonrestrictive. Causal: Contrast: Condition: Effect: Sequence: Time/Place: Relative: because, since although, even though, whereas if, unless, whether so that before, after when, while, before, after, whenever, wherever who, whom, which, that, whose Faulty Subordination >>> Faulty Subordination When subordinating one idea to another, you must ensure that both the most important idea becomes the independent clause and the correct subordinator is used. Wrong: It uses elements believed toxic to life in its metabolic cycle since the bacteria can survive in environments previously believed unsuitable for life. Coordination and Parallelism >>> Faulty Subordination When subordinating one idea to another, you must ensure that both the most important idea becomes the independent clause and the correct subordinator is used. In particular, “because” tends to be overused in writing, and should only be used means when “is the (only) cause of” is meant. Coordination and Parallelism >>> Faulty Subordination When subordinating one idea to another, you must ensure that both the most important idea becomes the independent clause and the correct subordinator is used. In particular, “because” tends to be overused in writing, and should only be used means when “is the (only) cause of” is meant. Wrong: Because scientists were conducting deep core samples, the bacteria was discovered. Right: While scientists were conducting deep core samples, the bacteria was discovered. Coordination and Parallelism >>> Coordination and Parallelism When linking ideas that are equal, use an appropriate conjunction to coordinate the two ideas: to show additions (and), alternatives (or, not), contrast (but, yet), cause (for), and effect (so). These environments are rare on Earth but common in the solar system. Using Phrases >>> Using Phrases In unsophisticated writing, incomplete or partial ideas are given their own sentences. This leads to verbose writing whose flow is muddled. Unsophisticated: Barrow Brothers announced bankruptcy this week. It was established in the 1890’s. It is the third major company to announce bankruptcy this week. Types of Phrases >>> Using Phrases In unsophisticated writing, incomplete or partial ideas are given their own sentences. This leads to verbose writing whose flow is muddled. Unsophisticated: Barrow Brothers announced bankruptcy this week. It was established in the 1890’s. It is the third major company to announce bankruptcy this week. The over-use of linking verbs (to be) generally indicates that partial ideas included in the addendum sentence can be stripped away and incorporated in a more sophisticated sentence. Preserving the flow of ideas in such synthesis is important. Sophisticated: Established in the 1890’s, Barrow Brothers became the third major company to announce bankruptcy this week. Types of Phrases >>> Types of phrases There are many types of phrases, in addition to the ones with which you are likely familiar (noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases). Review >>> Types of phrases There are many types of phrases, in addition to the ones with which you are likely familiar (noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases). Verbals (gerund phrases, infinitive phrases, and participle phrases) use a form of a verb to introduce a phrase which acts like a noun, adjective, or adverb. Ex: “Building a dam…” or “To build a dam…” Appositives are noun phrases that “share” the place of another noun or noun phrase. Ex: “Calvin Davies, a local writer…” or Absolute phrases pair a noun phrase and a participle or prepositional phrase. Ex: “Weeping openly at the verdict…” Review >>> Review In order to write in a sophisticated manner, you must: Review In order to write in a sophisticated manner, you must: • Distinguish between the content (the ideas) you present, and the intended purpose of that information. Together, these two concepts are called the form of your writing. Review In order to write in a sophisticated manner, you must: • Distinguish between the content (the ideas) you present, and the intended purpose of that information. Together, these two concepts are called the form of your writing. • Consider not just the specific words you use, but the actual structure of the sentence to help convey the meaning. Review In order to write in a sophisticated manner, you must: • Distinguish between the content (the ideas) you present, and the intended purpose of that information. Together, these two concepts are called the form of your writing. • Consider not just the specific words you use, but the actual structure of the sentence to help convey the meaning. • Avoid losing your emphasis (through deemphasizing main points or losing the overall sense of build). Review In order to write in a sophisticated manner, you must: • Distinguish between the content (the ideas) you present, and the intended purpose of that information. Together, these two concepts are called the form of your writing. • Consider not just the specific words you use, but the actual structure of the sentence to help convey the meaning. • Avoid losing your emphasis (through deemphasizing main points or losing the overall sense of build). Sophistication can also involve other concepts, such as using punctuation correctly (and creatively), the concepts of voice and tone, and other elements of style.