Download English notes from 30/12/2010

Voice
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Things to be considered
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Subject (noun/pronoun)
Object (noun/pronoun)
Complement
Verb
Verb phrase
Verb forms
Forms of a verb
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Sentence + sentence forms
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Voice
Voice is a form of a verb which is used to
show either something is done by the
subject or something is done to the subject
We are studying English
English is being studied by us
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Active Voice
• We use a sentence in active voice when
we are interested in what the subject does.
Examples:
• We play cricket.
• I am teaching English.
• She bought a car
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Passive Voice
• We use a sentence in passive voice when
we are interested in what is done to the
subject.
Examples:
• Cricket is played by us.
• English is being taught by me.
• A car is bought by her.
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When do we use active voice?
When the doer of the action is clear
When it is important to know what is done by the people
When the doer of an action is more important than the receiver
When do we use passive voice?
When the doer of the action is not clear
When it is important to know what is done to the people
When the receiver of an action is more important than the doer
Note: these tenses are not common in passive voice: Present perfect continuous,
past perfect continuous, future continuous tense, future perfect continuous tense.
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Changing a sentence from active voice to passive voice
Rules:
• We should know the tense
• Verb must be transitive
• Point out the subject and the object of the
sentence.
• Change the sentence to passive voice by
making the object of active voice the
subject of passive voice
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Example
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Mursal
helps
Samim.
Active Subject
Active Verb
Active Object
Samim
is helped
by Mursal.
Passive Subject
Passive Verb
Active Object
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General structure for passive voice
Subject + Be + 3rd verb
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Passive Voice
Present
Past
Modals
Simple Past
Simple present
General
Was/were + PP
Is/am/are + PP
Modals + be + PP
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Is/am/are + being + PP
Simple Future
Was/were + being + PP
Will/ going to + be + PP
Present perfect
Past Perfect
Have/has + been + PP
Had + been+ PP
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Passive Voice (simple present tense)
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+) subject + is, am, are + PP
--) subject + is, am, are + not + PP
?) Is, am, are + subject + pp
She washes the dishes
The dishes are washed by her
We instruct the students
The students are instructed by us
They don’t support me
I am not supported by them
She doesn’t buy the gifts
The gifts are not bought by her
Does she help the students?
Are the students helped by her?
Do they play tennis?
Is tennis played by them?
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Passive Voice (simple past tense)
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+) subject + was/were + PP
--) subject + was/were + not + PP
?) was/were + subject + pp
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She washed the dishes
The dishes were washed by her
We studied English
English was studied by us
They didn’t support me
I was not supported by them
She didn’t buy the gifts
The gifts were not bought by her
Did we study English?
Was English studied by us?
Did they play tennis?
Was tennis played by them?
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Passive Voice (Present Perfect Tense)
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+) subject + have/has + been + PP
--) subject + haven’t/ hasn’t + been + not + PP
?) Have/has + subject + been + pp
She has bought a car
A car has been bought by her
We have studied English
English has been studied by us
They haven’t supported me
I haven’t been supported by them
She hasn’t bought the gifts
The gifts haven’t been bought by her
Have we studied English?
Has English been studied by us?
Have they played tennis?
Has tennis been played by them?
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Passive Voice (Past Perfect Tense)
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+) subject + had + been + PP
--) subject + hadn’t + been + not + PP
?) Had + subject + been + pp
She had bought a car
A car had been bought by her
We had studied English
English had been studied by us
They hadn’t supported me
I hadn’t been supported by them
She hadn’t bought the gifts
The gifts hadn’t been bought by her
Had we studied English?
Had English been studied by us?
Had they played tennis?
Had tennis been played by them?
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Passive Voice (Present Continuous Tense)
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+) subject + is, am, are + being + PP
--) subject + is, am, are + not + being + PP
?) Is, am, are + subject + being + pp
She is washing the dishes
The dishes are being washed by her
We are buying a car
A car is being bought by us
They aren’t supporting me
I am not being supported by them
She isn’t buying the gifts
The gifts are not being bought by her
Is she helping the students?
Are the students being helped by her?
Are they playing tennis?
Is tennis being played by them?
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Passive Voice (Past Continuous Tense)
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+) subject + was/were + being + PP
--) subject + was/were + not + being + PP
?) was/were + subject + being + pp
She was washing the dishes
The dishes were being washed by her
We were buying a car
A car was being bought by us
They weren’t supporting me
I was not being supported by them
She wasn’t buying the gifts
The gifts were not being bought by her
Was she helping the students?
Were the students being helped by her?
Were they playing tennis?
Was tennis being played by them?
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The passive form of modals
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+) subject + modal + be + PP
--) subject + modal + not + PP
?) Modal + subject + be + pp
She will wash the dishes
The dishes will be washed by her
We should buy a car
A car should be bought by us
They might not support me
I might not be supported by them
She can’t buy this car
This car can’t be bought by her
Could she help the students?
Could the students be helped by her?
Will they buy a computer?
Will a computer be bought by them?
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WH information questions
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?) WH word + be/ modal + subject + be + pp
When will she buy this car?
When will this car be bought by her?
Why is he studying English?
Why is English being studied by her?
How will they teach the new students?
How will the new students be taught by them?
Where was she teaching English?
Where was English being taught by her?
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Major sentences
I will buy this book by the year 2011
This book will be bought by the year 2011
We don’t expect Shabana to come to the party tonight
Shabana is not expected by us to come to the party
People speak English in many parts of the world
English is spoken in many parts of the world
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The passive form of imperative sentences
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+) let + object + be + pp
--) let + object + not + be + pp
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Open the door
Let the door be opened
Close your books
Let your books be closed
Don’t open the door
Let the door not be opened
Don’t close your books
Let your books not be closed
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Direct and indirect object in passive voice
A gift was bought for Ali by her
She bought a gift for Ali
Ali was bought a gift by her
A letter was sent by me to her
I sent a letter to her
She was sent a letter by me
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By phrase
• By phrase is a part of a passive sentence which shows the
performer of an action and it is made of two parts.
• 1) the preposition “by”
• 2) the subject of active sentence
• Note: we use “by phrase” when it is important to know who
performs the action or else we don’t.
Examples:
• That mistake was corrected by Ali.
• English is spoken in many countries. (by phrase is not important)
• This book was written in 1999. (by phrase is not important)
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