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AHSGE REVIEW AHSGE Objectives I-1 (Noun forms) Tips for the test • Read the directions carefully. They will flip on you! • Circle what you are looking for-correct or incorrect or error! • Use the process of elimination! • X out any answers you know are wrong or right…depending on the directions. • Take your time. Rules for making most nouns plural • Most nouns=add s chair=chairs • Nouns ending in s, ch, sh, x, =add es church=churches • Sometimes the last letter doubles. quiz=quizzes • Nouns ending in y-change y to i/add es • baby-=babies, fly=flies • If a vowel is before the consonant y, just add s – Such as in boy= boys Names ending in y such as Montgomery The Montgomerys are having a yard sale next week. =No apostrophe to make the name plural. Watch out for irregular nouns! • Nouns ending in –us form plurals by changing the -us to –I • EX: singular=cactus • Plural= cacti **some have more than one accepted plural. We may also say cactuses. Choose whichever option is on the test. Cacti/cactuses Compound nouns • When a noun is hyphenated, make sure you put the –s or –es on the actual noun. • Example= Mother-in-law=singular »Mothers-in law=plural Possessive Nouns • Add an apostrophe (‘) with s to most nouns to show possession. • Bob=Bob’s • Jane=Jane’s Names ending in S • Add an apostrophe and S to names ending in s. • James has a book. It is James’s book. • Mrs. Woods office. • Go to Mrs. Woods’s office. Exception… • If a name is used as an archaic name, then just add an apostrophe. • **Consider Jesus and before as archaic. • Moses had sons. • It is Moses’ sons. Choose the sentence in which the use of nouns is correct. • A. Those radioes are more expensive. • B. The churchs all had steeples. • C. Their beliefs were written in the document. • D. The ladys had more points. Choose the sentence in which the use of nouns is correct. • A. Those radioes are more expensive. • B. The churchs all had steeples. • C. Their beliefs were written in the document. • D. The ladys had more points. One of the sentences below contains an error in the use of nouns. Choose the sentence that contains an error. 3. A. His foots grew two sizes. B. Two deer crossed the road. C. The orange halves smelled delicious. D. The Joneses went on vacation. Verbs Objective I-2 • Pay attention to verb tenses • Choose appropriately according to key words and answer choices. • It isn’t necessary to memorize the tenses, just make good grammatical choices.☺ Choose the sentence in which the use of verbs is correct. (Correct the wrong sentences!) A. She had went on vacation for a week. B. They have took the exam. C. I have washed the windows. D. The child has wrote a poem for her mother. Verb tense shifts Objective I-5 • When a sentence has more than one verb, they should not change tense unless there is a reason for the shift. • The tap water contained chlorine that kills harmful bacteria. • Past and present verbs are used. They should be either both past or both present tense. Subject- Verb Agreement Objective I-3 • Watch out for those pesky prepositional phrases that love to get in the middle of the subject and verb! • The speech (about whales) was given by Maria. • If the subject is plural, the verb will NOT have s. • If the subject is singular, the verb will have s. • Example=She sits. (singular) • Example= We sit. (Plural) • • • • • Singular Is Was Am Has plural are were are have • We are tired today. • She is tired today. • Exception-YOU always takes a plural verb even though is singular. • You are beautiful! Find the subject Weed out prepositional phrases Then choose your answer. • Most members (of her family) is/are artistic. • The pieces (of furniture) is/are antique. Pronouns-Case= Objective I-6 Pronoun/antecedent agreement Objective I-4 • Case Singular • Subjective I you he, she, it Plural we you they Always used as subjects or predicate nominatives! • Objective singular plural • me us you him, her, it • Used as direct objects • Indirect objects • Object of prep. you them Possessive • • • • Singular My, mine Your, yours His,her,hers,its Plural our,ours same their, theirs • **describes or replaces a noun Who/whom • • • • Who is used as a subjective pronoun EX: Who will build the house. Used in the same way as “he.” HE will build the house • Whom is used as an objective pronoun • Used in the same manner as “him.” • Whom did they call? • They did call him. Pronouns- always singular/will have a singular verb • Everyone someone anyone • No one each everybody • Somebody anybody nobody • Either everything something • Anything nothing neither • Much one • **If it ends in ONE, BODY, or THING- it is SINGULAR Indefinite pronouns always plural • Few both several many • Few of the boys are going on the trip. • Many are staying at the hotel tonight Active/Passive Voice= Objective I-7 • To remember the difference between active and passive voice, do the following: • Find the subject and verb of each sentence choice. • ASK- Is the subject doing what the verb says? • If you get YES—that is ACTIVE voice • If you get NO—that is PASSIVE voice • **Make sure you ask using base form of the verb. Example• • • • Example 1James gave the book to Tonya. Ask- Did James give something? YES, he gave a book, so it is ACTIVE • Example 2• The book was given to Tonya. • ASK- Did the book give something? • NO—the book did not give anything! PASSIVE ACTIVE/PASSIVE Voice Choose (write) the sentence that is written in the active voice. a. The backpack contained all my supplies. b. The balloon was pumped up quickly with the electric pump. c. Poe, her favorite author, was displayed on posters in her room. d. The sandbox in the backyard had been cleaned by the children *The answer is A- the backpack did contain the supplies. • • • • Identify (write) the sentence that is written in the passive voice. A. The troll stopped them from crossing the bridge. B. Flowers were blooming purple and white in the field. C. The fountain was making a pleasant sound in the background. D. The man in the sunglasses was still recognized by his fans. • **The Answer is D. The man did not recognize anyone.. He was recognized by his fans. Indefinite pronouns-pronoun antecedent agreement I-4 • See your workbook and Rules for reference! • If it ends in ONE, BODY, or THING, it is SINGULAR• Ex: Everyone, everybody, everything • Each, either, neither, much—SINGULAR • Everyone needs to finish his/her assignment before Monday. • Neither (of the girls) assembled her computer. ( Not their! Don’t go by the OP. ) Always PLURAL Pronounsseveral, both, few, many • All of the computers lost their power. • Many did not recognize their classmates at the reunion. • Few will understand how they can help. • Both boys are nervous, but they will do their best on the test! Pronouns Choose the sentence in which the underlined pronoun is used correctly. A. Nobody saw their reflection in the lake. B. Either the girl or her mother is sewing their blouse. C. Some of the cords kept its strength. D. Someone needs to bring her prom dress that night. Choose the correct pronoun to complete the sentence. Neither of the men sang ____solo. A. Her B. its’ C. His D. their Choose the sentence that contains a pronoun error. A. One of the dozen dogs buried their bone. B. Several of the people left their programs. C. Everything we tried had its problem. D. Many of the audience held their signs up. Choose the sentence in which the underlined pronoun is an error. A. The robot raised its arm. B. Both the father and the son lost his gloves. C. Mom and I raised our eyes to see the leak. D. The pants in the closet kept their creases. Lie/Lay • Lie-means to rest or to recline. • Lay-means to put or to place. • • • • Base Present Part. Past Form Past Participle lay(put) Laying laid laid lie(recline) lying lay lain Lie-to recline • I am going to lie in the hammock.(present) • Yesterday, he lay in the hammock.(past) • He is lying there now.(pres.part.) • He has lain in the hammock before.( past part.) Lay • I am going to lay the vase on the shelf.(present) • I am laying the vase down now.(pres.part) • I laid the vase on the counter.(past) • He has laid the vase there more than once. (past.part.) Sit/set • Sit- means to sit in a sitting position • Set- means to put or to place • Base/Present • Past • Past Participle Sit sat sat Set set set Sit/set • She sits on the sofa. • The box sits on the shelf. • We sit in our desks. • She set the table • The sun set on the horizon. • Please set my keys on the counter. Parallel Structure Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. The tree in the pasture was short, crooked, and a pine. B. They either knew the answer or pretending to know it. C. I wanted neither to watch nor to hear the wrestling program. D. Did you read the book or having watched the movie? Rewrite the following sentences using correct punctuation for direct and indirect quotations. 1. Willie said I want some ice cream 2. I heard Adam say, Why yes of course I’d like a bite of that apple. 3. Leave me alone he begged or I’ll tell my mom 4. You’re kidding I quickly responded do you mean I no longer have to share a room with Sam Rewrite the following sentences using correct punctuation for direct and indirect quotations. 1. Do you think Jerry asked that you will go to Macy’s or Target to do most of your holiday shopping 2. When will we arrive in port the passenger asked 3. What she inquired have you done with the children 4. Yes, that’s exactly what we mean mother replied. Rewrite the following sentences using underlining/italics and quotations correctly. 1. In last month’s National Geographic there was an interesting story entitled The Gold in the Tombs. 2. In today’s Times Daily, I saw an article titled Any Which Way But Down. 3. Did you read the new Southern Living magazine for this month? 4. Have you ever read The Illiad or The Odyssey? Rewrite the following sentences using underlining/italics and quotations correctly. 1. I got my new job through the New York Times. 2. Have you ever read Shakespeare’s sonnet, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? 3. Edgar Allan Poe wrote a poem called The Raven. 4. Have you ever heard the song titled If I Had a Hammer?