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Parts of speech overview Chapter 12 8 parts of speech • • • • • • • • Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections Nouns • Names a person, place, thing, or idea • Common nouns ▫ Name any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas Car, tree, pond, heart, book, president • Proper nouns ▫ Names a particular person, place, thing, or idea ▫ Generally, proper nouns are capitalized Mrs. Ayers, Florida, Wal-Mart Nouns continued… • Concrete nouns ▫ Names a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell) Bus, odor, paper • Abstract nouns ▫ Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic Love, honesty, time Nouns continued… • Collective nouns ▫ Name a group of people, animals, or things Herd, audience, group Pronouns • Pronouns take the place of one or more nouns or pronouns • Personal Pronouns ▫ Refer to the one(s) speaking (1st person), the one(s) spoken to (2nd person), or the one(s) spoken about (3rd person) ▫ Chart pg. 409 Pronouns continued • Reflexive pronouns ▫ Refer to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or as an object of a preposition ▫ Chart on page 409 • Demonstrative pronouns ▫ Point out a person, place, thing, or idea this, that, these, those This is my favorite show. Chart on pg. 410 Pronouns continued… • Interrogative pronouns ▫ Introduce a question what, which, who, whom, whose What is your favorite class? Chart on page 410 • Relative pronouns ▫ Introduce a subordinate clause that, which, who, whom, whose English is my favorite subject, which is why it’s my favorite Chart on pg. 410 Pronouns continued… • Indefinite pronouns ▫ Refer to a person, place, idea, or thing that may or may not be specifically stated ▫ Chart on pg. 411 Adjectives • Modifies a noun or pronoun • Adjectives tell ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ What kind? Which one? How many? How much? • An adjective that is in the predicate and that modifies the subject of a clause or sentence is called a predicate adjective Adjectives continued… • The following words are articles and count as adjectives: ▫ A, an, the • A and An are called indefinite articles because they refer to any member of a general group. • The is called a definite article because it refers to someone or something in particular. Verbs • Express action or a state of being • A verb phrase consists of one main verb and one or more helping verbs (also called auxiliary verbs) ▫ Chart pg. 417 • A modal is an auxiliary verb that is used to express an attitude toward the action or state of being of the main verb • The word not and its contraction (n’t) are never part of a verb phrase Verbs continued… • An action verb expresses either physical or mental activity • A linking verb connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject. Such a word or word group is called the subject complement ▫ Chart of pg. 419 Verbs continued… • Hint: to determine whether a verb in a sentence is a linking verb, substitute a form of the verb “be”. If the sentence makes sense, the verb is most likely a linking verb. ▫ Emilia felt calm at the seashore. (the verb was can sensibly replace felt). ▫ Emilia felt the waving strands of kelp. (the verb was cannot sensibly replace felt). Verbs continued… • Transitive verb ▫ Has an object (a word that tells who or what receives the action of the verb) Elsa swam the channel. (the object channel receives the action of the verb swam – tranisitive) • Intransitive verb ▫ Doesn’t have an object ▫ All linking verbs are intransitive Elsa swam for many hours. (no object – intransitive) Adverbs • Modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb • Tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how much, how long, or how often) • Some of the most frequently used adverbs end in – ly, but not all words ending in –ly are adverbs Noun + ly = adjective Love + ly = lovely Adjective + ly = adverb Quick + ly = quickly Prepositions • Words that show the relationship of a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word. • A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase ▫ How much is that doggie in the window? Chart pg. 426 • A preposition that consists of two or more words is called a compound preposition ▫ Do not cross in front of the television. Chart pg. 427 Conjunctions • Join words or word groups • Coordinating conjunctions join words or word groups that are used in the same way ▫ For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Chart pg. 428 • Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way Chart pg. 429 • Subordinating conjunctions begin a subordinate clause Interjections • Express emotion • An interjection has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence ▫ Chart pg. 429 The way a word is used in a sentence determines what part of speech the word is!