Download Parts of speech overview

Parts of speech overview
Chapter 12
8 parts of speech
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Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
Nouns
• Names a person, place, thing, or idea
• Common nouns
▫ Name any one of a group of persons, places,
things, or ideas
 Car, tree, pond, heart, book, president
• Proper nouns
▫ Names a particular person, place, thing, or idea
▫ Generally, proper nouns are capitalized
 Mrs. Ayers, Florida, Wal-Mart
Nouns continued…
• Concrete nouns
▫ Names a person, place, or thing that can be
perceived by one or more senses (sight, hearing,
taste, touch, smell)
 Bus, odor, paper
• Abstract nouns
▫ Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a
characteristic
 Love, honesty, time
Nouns continued…
• Collective nouns
▫ Name a group of people, animals, or things
 Herd, audience, group
Pronouns
• Pronouns take the place of one or more nouns or
pronouns
• Personal Pronouns
▫ Refer to the one(s) speaking (1st person), the
one(s) spoken to (2nd person), or the one(s)
spoken about (3rd person)
▫ Chart pg. 409
Pronouns continued
• Reflexive pronouns
▫ Refer to the subject of a sentence and functions as
a complement or as an object of a preposition
▫ Chart on page 409
• Demonstrative pronouns
▫ Point out a person, place, thing, or idea
 this, that, these, those
 This is my favorite show.
 Chart on pg. 410
Pronouns continued…
• Interrogative pronouns
▫ Introduce a question
 what, which, who, whom, whose
 What is your favorite class?
 Chart on page 410
• Relative pronouns
▫ Introduce a subordinate clause
 that, which, who, whom, whose
 English is my favorite subject, which is why it’s my
favorite
 Chart on pg. 410
Pronouns continued…
• Indefinite pronouns
▫ Refer to a person, place, idea, or thing that may or
may not be specifically stated
▫ Chart on pg. 411
Adjectives
• Modifies a noun or pronoun
• Adjectives tell
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What kind?
Which one?
How many?
How much?
• An adjective that is in the predicate and that
modifies the subject of a clause or sentence is
called a predicate adjective
Adjectives continued…
• The following words are articles and count as
adjectives:
▫ A, an, the
• A and An are called indefinite articles because
they refer to any member of a general group.
• The is called a definite article because it refers to
someone or something in particular.
Verbs
• Express action or a state of being
• A verb phrase consists of one main verb and one
or more helping verbs (also called auxiliary
verbs)
▫ Chart pg. 417
• A modal is an auxiliary verb that is used to
express an attitude toward the action or state of
being of the main verb
• The word not and its contraction (n’t) are never
part of a verb phrase
Verbs continued…
• An action verb expresses either physical or
mental activity
• A linking verb connects the subject to a word or
word group that identifies or describes the
subject. Such a word or word group is called the
subject complement
▫ Chart of pg. 419
Verbs continued…
• Hint: to determine whether a verb in a sentence
is a linking verb, substitute a form of the verb
“be”. If the sentence makes sense, the verb is
most likely a linking verb.
▫ Emilia felt calm at the seashore. (the verb was can
sensibly replace felt).
▫ Emilia felt the waving strands of kelp. (the verb
was cannot sensibly replace felt).
Verbs continued…
• Transitive verb
▫ Has an object (a word that tells who or what
receives the action of the verb)
 Elsa swam the channel. (the object channel receives
the action of the verb swam – tranisitive)
• Intransitive verb
▫ Doesn’t have an object
▫ All linking verbs are intransitive
 Elsa swam for many hours. (no object – intransitive)
Adverbs
• Modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
• Tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how
much, how long, or how often)
• Some of the most frequently used adverbs end in
– ly, but not all words ending in –ly are adverbs
 Noun + ly = adjective
 Love + ly = lovely
 Adjective + ly = adverb
 Quick + ly = quickly
Prepositions
• Words that show the relationship of a noun or
pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to
another word.
• A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of
the object form a prepositional phrase
▫ How much is that doggie in the window?
 Chart pg. 426
• A preposition that consists of two or more words
is called a compound preposition
▫ Do not cross in front of the television.
 Chart pg. 427
Conjunctions
• Join words or word groups
• Coordinating conjunctions join words or word
groups that are used in the same way
▫ For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
 Chart pg. 428
• Correlative conjunctions are pairs of
conjunctions that join words or word groups that
are used in the same way
 Chart pg. 429
• Subordinating conjunctions begin a subordinate
clause
Interjections
• Express emotion
• An interjection has no grammatical relation to
the rest of the sentence
▫ Chart pg. 429
The way a word is used in a sentence determines
what part of speech the word is!