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Unit I: Grammar Parts of Speech Basic Sentence Parts and Patterns Phrases and Clauses Avoiding Sentence Errors Parts of Speech Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections! Nouns Names a person, place, or thing PERSON: woman, cousin, pilot, Mr. Lopez, Aunt Margaret PLACE: university, Main Street, desert, Chesapeake Bay, Ohio Concrete and Abstract Nouns CONCRETE: Something you can see, touch, taste, hear, or smell pitchfork garlic critic bruise ________________ ________________ ________________ ABSTRACT: Something nonphysical, that you cannot perceive through your 5 senses patriotism era career immortality ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Singular and Plural Nouns Singular Nouns Regular Irregular Plural Nouns Regular Irregular Collective Nouns valley mouse valleys mice council ash ox ashes oxen delegation sky nucleus skies nuclei entourage Common and Proper Nouns playwright island building ________________ ________________ ________________ William Shakespeare Maui, Sicily Taj Mahal, Eiffel Tower __________________ __________________ __________________ PARTS OF SPEECH Pronouns Take the place of nouns Jan and Ken went to the dance. They thought it was great. Antecedents-nouns the pronouns are representing Graduating high school is something all seniors want to do. It is only accomplished by some. Personal Pronouns First Person SINGULAR PLURAL I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours Second Person you, your, yours you, your, yours Third Person they, them, their, theirs he, she, it, him, her, his, her, hers, its Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns REFLEXIVE: Adds essential information to a sentence. Cats clean themselves carefully after each meal. INTENSIVE: Usually can be removed. You yourself agreed that the house needs painting. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns First Person SINGULAR PLURAL myself ourselves Second Person yourself yourselves Third Person themselves himself, herself, itself Other Pronouns Demonstrative—Located before or after antecedents: this, that, these, those Relative—Relates the pronoun to another idea: which, who, whom, whose That is an ambulance siren. We began reading Anthem, which is by Ayn Rand. Interrogative—Begins a question: what, which, who, whom, whose What fell from that ledge? Other Pronouns Demonstrative This, that, these, those, Relative Which, who, whom, whose Interrogative Which, who, whom, whose Indefinite Pronouns Refers to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a noun does. I.e. Everyone has to go to the football game this Friday. Indefinite Pronouns Singular Plural Singular or Plural another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something both few many others several all any more most none some such PARTS OF SPEECH Verbs Word or group of words that shows action The dog raced across the field. Students will smile for their pictures today. A sentence is not complete without a verb. Action Verbs Tell what action something is performing: The dancer will attempt a daring leap. The kettle whistled incessantly. I considered my decision carefully. Linking Verbs Connects a subject to a word that describes the subject, usually at the end of the sentence. Jennifer was a senior. The man looks busy. ACTION: The man looked for a taxi. She appeared unkind. ACTION: He appeared on stage at the concert. The forms of BE am are is was Were be being are being is being was being can be could be may be might be must be shall be should be will be would be have been has been had been could have been may have been might have been shall have been should have been will have been would have been Other linking verbs appear become feel grow look remain seem smell sound stay taste turn Transitive Verbs Transitive verbs direct action toward someone or something Sentences include a direct object He wrote a novel. (Wrote what? A novel) She paid the bill. (Paid what? The bill) The doctor examined the patient. (Examined what/who? The patient) Dogs ate all the meat. (Ate what? Meat) Intransitive verbs Does not direct action to something or someone named in the sentence. The birds flew south. (Flew what? None.) She sings for the Metropolitan Opera. (Sings what? None.) They cringed in fear. (Cringed what? None.) Verb Phrases Verb with one, two, or three helping verbs before it. SINGLE VERB: The firm employed a new secretary. The firm will employ a new secretary. The firm should have employed a new secretary. A new secretary might have been employed by the firm today. Adjectives Word used to describe nouns or pronouns. Answer the questions: What kind? He saw green fields. Which one? Open the left window. How many? She ate six lobsters. Adverbs Word that describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb They answer: Where? The jurors sat there. When? She never cleaned the room. How? He officially announced it. To what extent? He always did it right. Adverbs describing adjectives The solution was quite logical. It was an extremely sour lemon. How logical? quite How sour? extremely She was very late. How late? very Adverbs describing adverbs He worked very competently. I am not completely finished. How competently? very How completely? not The athlete ran quite quickly. How quickly? quite Prepositions Relate the noun to another word in the sentence LOCATION: The brush fire burned atop the hill. DIRECTION: The brush fire burned toward the campsite. TIME: The brush fire burned for three days. CAUSE: The brush fire started because of carelessness. POSSESSION: Smoke from the fire could be seen for miles. Common Prepositions aboard about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without Prepositional Phrase A group of words that includes a preposition and the object I walked slightly ahead of her. The shampoo bottle on the shelf was almost empty. We fell in love with a lovable, brown-eyed puppy. Our new house is located near stores and schools. Prepositional Phrases in Questions What were we talking about? The phrase is broken up: about what. Where did this come from? The phrase is broken up: from where. Find the Phrases HINT: Find the preposition; then find the object. As of today, he had become a teenager. They drove down to the cabin on the lake this weekend. Eat green beans instead of French fries for a healthy diet. No one is supposed to drive by the abandoned building. Conjunctions Word used to connect other words or groups of words. Three main types: Coordinating Correlative Subordinating Coordinating Conjunctions Connect similar parts of speech or items of equal weight: and but for nor or so yet With nouns and pronouns: With verbs: Inga and I attended the concert. She will run or jump at the track meet. With adverbs: The man responded quickly but incorrectly. Coordinating Conjunctions cont’d With adjectives: With prepositional phrases: The steak was tender, large, yet tasteless. I will go to Greece or to Spain. With complete ideas: He seemed distressed, so we discussed his problem. Correlative Conjunctions Must work in pairs to correlate ideas both…and either…or neither…nor not only…but also whether…or Correlative Conjunctions cont’d With nouns and pronouns: With adjectives: The rain was not only heavy but also cold. With prepositional phrases: Call either Ed or me if you need help. Put the check neither in the drawer nor beside the telephone. With complete ideas: Whether they run or walk, they will arrive eventually. Subordinating Conjunctions Two complete ideas by making one of the subordinate or dependent upon the other. after because now that although before provided as even if since as if even though so that as long as how than as much as if that as soon as in order that though as though lest till ideas unless until when whenever where wherever while Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions The referees watched carefully lest they miss a key play. The termites remained, although the fumigator sprayed. After the billboards were removed, the area’s natural beauty was restored. Conjunctive Adverbs Act as transitions between complete ideas by indicating comparisons, contrasts, and results. accordingly again also besides consequently finally furthermore however indeed moreover nevertheless otherwise then therefore thus Conjunctive Adverbs Examples The doctor did help my back problem; however, I still experience occasional pain. The earthquake damaged the wall. Moreover, it broke some water pipes. My hay fever grew worse. I, nevertheless, refused to remain inside. Infinitive A verb that functions as a noun form found in many languages that names the action or state of being without specifying the subject TO + VERB = infinitive Infinitives Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his double shift waiting tables at the neighborhood café. To sleep functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence. Gerund Every gerund, without exception, ends in ing. Gerunds function as nouns. Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his passion. Interjections! An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion and functions independently of a sentence. ah gracious psst aha hey tsk alas hurray well dear oh whew goodness ouch wow Interjection Examples Ouch! That bee sting hurts! Goodness, if you don’t leave now, you will be late! ___________! What was that noise? ___________! Come over here! ___________! I’m exhausted. Basic Sentence Parts Subjects and Verbs A sentence is a group of words with two main parts: a complete subject and a complete predicate. Complete Subjects Flowers A bell-clanging street car Complete Predicates bloom moved through the intersection Fragments When either the complete subject or the predicate is missing. Fragments People with respiratory ailments Always lasts twelve hours in the tropics Complete Sentences People with respiratory ailments should avoid smog ridden cities Night always lasts twelve hours in the tropics Simple Subjects and Predicates The simple subject is the essential noun, pronoun, or group of words acting as a noun that cannot be left out of the subject. The simple predicate is the essential verb or verb phrase that cannot be left out. Compound Subject or Verb Two or more subjects that have the same verb and are joined by a conjunction such as and or or A compound verb is two or more verbs that have the same subject and are joined by a conjunction such as and or or. Activity Groups Assign Subject or Verbs Then Jigsaw Write on Sentences on Board