Download nouns - Bastian10

Unit I: Grammar
Parts of Speech
Basic Sentence Parts and Patterns
Phrases and Clauses
Avoiding Sentence Errors
Parts of Speech
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Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections!
Nouns
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Names a person, place, or thing
PERSON: woman, cousin, pilot, Mr.
Lopez, Aunt Margaret
PLACE: university, Main Street, desert,
Chesapeake Bay, Ohio
Concrete and Abstract Nouns
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CONCRETE:
Something
you can see, touch, taste,
hear, or smell
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pitchfork
garlic
critic
bruise
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ABSTRACT: Something nonphysical, that
you cannot perceive
through your 5 senses
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patriotism
era
career
immortality
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Singular and Plural Nouns
Singular Nouns
Regular
Irregular
Plural Nouns
Regular
Irregular
Collective
Nouns
valley
mouse
valleys
mice
council
ash
ox
ashes
oxen
delegation
sky
nucleus
skies
nuclei
entourage
Common and Proper Nouns
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playwright
island
building
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William Shakespeare
Maui, Sicily
Taj Mahal, Eiffel Tower
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PARTS OF SPEECH
Pronouns
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Take the place of nouns
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Jan and Ken went to the dance. They
thought it was great.
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Antecedents-nouns the pronouns are
representing
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Graduating high school is something all
seniors want to do. It is only accomplished
by some.
Personal Pronouns
First Person
SINGULAR
PLURAL
I, me, my,
mine
we, us, our,
ours
Second Person you, your,
yours
you, your,
yours
Third Person
they, them,
their, theirs
he, she, it,
him, her, his,
her, hers, its
Reflexive and Intensive
Pronouns
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REFLEXIVE: Adds essential information
to a sentence.
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Cats clean themselves carefully after each
meal.
INTENSIVE: Usually can be removed.
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You yourself agreed that the house needs
painting.
Reflexive and Intensive
Pronouns
First Person
SINGULAR
PLURAL
myself
ourselves
Second Person yourself
yourselves
Third Person
themselves
himself,
herself, itself
Other Pronouns
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Demonstrative—Located before or after
antecedents: this, that, these, those
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Relative—Relates the pronoun to another
idea: which, who, whom, whose
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That is an ambulance siren.
We began reading Anthem, which is by Ayn Rand.
Interrogative—Begins a question: what,
which, who, whom, whose
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What fell from that ledge?
Other Pronouns
Demonstrative
This, that, these,
those,
Relative
Which, who,
whom, whose
Interrogative
Which, who,
whom, whose
Indefinite Pronouns
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Refers to persons, places, or things
in a more general way than a noun
does.
I.e. Everyone has to go to the football
game this Friday.
Indefinite Pronouns
Singular
Plural
Singular or
Plural
another, anybody,
anyone, anything,
each, either,
everybody, everyone,
everything, little,
much, neither,
nobody, no one,
nothing, one, other,
somebody, someone,
something
both
few
many
others
several
all
any
more
most
none
some
such
PARTS OF SPEECH
Verbs
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Word or group of words that shows
action
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The dog raced across the field.
Students will smile for their pictures today.
A sentence is not complete without a verb.
Action Verbs
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Tell what action
something is
performing:
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The dancer will
attempt a daring leap.
The kettle whistled
incessantly.
I considered my
decision carefully.
Linking Verbs
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Connects a subject to a
word that describes the
subject, usually at the
end of the sentence.
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Jennifer was a senior.
The man looks busy.
ACTION: The man looked
for a taxi.
She appeared unkind.
ACTION: He appeared on
stage at the concert.
The forms of BE
am
are
is
was
Were
be
being
are being
is being
was being
can be
could be
may be
might be
must be
shall be
should be
will be
would be
have been
has been
had been
could have been
may have been
might have been
shall have been
should have been
will have been
would have been
Other linking verbs
appear
become
feel
grow
look
remain
seem
smell
sound
stay
taste
turn
Transitive Verbs
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Transitive verbs direct action toward
someone or something
Sentences include a direct object
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He wrote a novel. (Wrote what? A novel)
She paid the bill. (Paid what? The bill)
The doctor examined the patient.
(Examined what/who? The patient)
Dogs ate all the meat. (Ate what? Meat)
Intransitive verbs
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Does not direct action to something or
someone named in the sentence.
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The birds flew south. (Flew what? None.)
She sings for the Metropolitan Opera. (Sings
what? None.)
They cringed in fear. (Cringed what? None.)
Verb Phrases
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Verb with one, two, or three helping
verbs before it.
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SINGLE VERB: The firm employed a new
secretary.
The firm will employ a new secretary.
The firm should have employed a new
secretary.
A new secretary might have been
employed by the firm today.
Adjectives
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Word used to describe nouns or
pronouns.
Answer the questions:
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What kind? He saw green fields.
Which one? Open the left window.
How many? She ate six lobsters.
Adverbs
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Word that describes a verb, adjective,
or another adverb
They answer:
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Where? The jurors sat there.
When? She never cleaned the room.
How? He officially announced it.
To what extent? He always did it right.
Adverbs describing adjectives
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The solution was quite logical.
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It was an extremely sour lemon.
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How logical? quite
How sour? extremely
She was very late.
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How late? very
Adverbs describing adverbs
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He worked very competently.
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I am not completely finished.
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How competently? very
How completely? not
The athlete ran quite quickly.
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How quickly? quite
Prepositions
Relate the noun to another word in the
sentence
 LOCATION: The brush fire burned atop the
hill.
 DIRECTION: The brush fire burned toward
the campsite.
 TIME: The brush fire burned for three days.
 CAUSE: The brush fire started because of
carelessness.
 POSSESSION: Smoke from the fire could be
seen for miles.
Common Prepositions
aboard
about
above
across
after
against
along
among
around
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
beyond
by
down
during
except
for
from
in
into
like
of
off
on
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
without
Prepositional Phrase
A group of words that includes a
preposition and the object
 I walked slightly ahead of her.
 The shampoo bottle on the shelf was almost
empty.
 We fell in love with a lovable, brown-eyed
puppy.
 Our new house is located near stores and
schools.
Prepositional Phrases in
Questions
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What were we talking about?
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The phrase is broken up: about what.
Where did this come from?
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The phrase is broken up: from where.
Find the Phrases
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HINT: Find the preposition; then find
the object.
As of today, he had become a teenager.
They drove down to the cabin on the
lake this weekend.
Eat green beans instead of French fries
for a healthy diet.
No one is supposed to drive by the
abandoned building.
Conjunctions
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Word used to connect other words or
groups of words.
Three main types:
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Coordinating
Correlative
Subordinating
Coordinating Conjunctions
Connect similar parts of speech or items of
equal weight:
and but for nor or
so yet
 With nouns and pronouns:
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With verbs:
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Inga and I attended the concert.
She will run or jump at the track meet.
With adverbs:
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The man responded quickly but incorrectly.
Coordinating Conjunctions cont’d
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With adjectives:
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With prepositional phrases:
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The steak was tender, large, yet tasteless.
I will go to Greece or to Spain.
With complete ideas:
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He seemed distressed, so we discussed his
problem.
Correlative Conjunctions
Must work in pairs to correlate ideas
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
not only…but also
whether…or
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Correlative Conjunctions cont’d
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With nouns and pronouns:
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With adjectives:
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The rain was not only heavy but also cold.
With prepositional phrases:
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Call either Ed or me if you need help.
Put the check neither in the drawer nor beside the
telephone.
With complete ideas:
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Whether they run or walk, they will arrive
eventually.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Two complete ideas by making one of the
subordinate or dependent upon the other.
after
because
now that
although
before
provided
as
even if
since
as if
even though so that
as long as
how
than
as much as if
that
as soon as in order that
though
as though
lest
till
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ideas
unless
until
when
whenever
where
wherever
while
Examples of Subordinating
Conjunctions
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The referees watched carefully lest they
miss a key play.
The termites remained, although the
fumigator sprayed.
After the billboards were removed, the
area’s natural beauty was restored.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Act as transitions between complete ideas by
indicating comparisons, contrasts, and results.
accordingly
again
also
besides
consequently
finally
furthermore
however
indeed
moreover
nevertheless
otherwise
then
therefore
thus
Conjunctive Adverbs Examples
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The doctor did help my back problem;
however, I still experience occasional
pain.
The earthquake damaged the wall.
Moreover, it broke some water pipes.
My hay fever grew worse. I,
nevertheless, refused to remain inside.
Infinitive
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A verb that functions as a noun
form found in many languages that
names the action or state of being
without specifying the subject
TO
+
VERB
= infinitive
Infinitives
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Infinitives can be used
as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
To sleep is the only thing Eli wants
after his double shift waiting tables at
the neighborhood café.
To sleep functions as a noun because
it is the subject of the sentence.
Gerund
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Every gerund, without exception, ends
in ing.
Gerunds function as nouns.
Since Francisco was five years old,
swimming has been his passion.
Interjections!
An interjection is a word that expresses
feeling or emotion and functions
independently of a sentence.
ah
gracious
psst
aha
hey
tsk
alas
hurray
well
dear
oh
whew
goodness
ouch
wow
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Interjection Examples
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Ouch! That bee sting hurts!
Goodness, if you don’t leave now, you
will be late!
___________! What was that noise?
___________! Come over here!
___________! I’m exhausted.
Basic Sentence Parts
Subjects and Verbs
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A sentence is a group of words with two
main parts: a complete subject and a
complete predicate.
Complete Subjects
Flowers
A bell-clanging street car
Complete Predicates
bloom
moved through the intersection
Fragments
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When either the complete subject or
the predicate is missing.
Fragments
People with respiratory
ailments
Always lasts twelve hours in
the tropics
Complete Sentences
People with respiratory
ailments should avoid smog
ridden cities
Night always lasts twelve
hours in the tropics
Simple Subjects and
Predicates
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The simple subject is the essential
noun, pronoun, or group of words
acting as a noun that cannot be left out
of the subject.
The simple predicate is the essential
verb or verb phrase that cannot be left
out.
Compound Subject or Verb
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Two or more subjects that have the
same verb and are joined by a
conjunction such as and or or
A compound verb is two or more verbs
that have the same subject and are
joined by a conjunction such as and or
or.
Activity
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Groups
Assign Subject or Verbs
Then Jigsaw
Write on Sentences on Board